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Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on large language models promise improved problem-solving through collaboration, yet they often fail to consistently outperform strong single-agent baselines due to error propagation at inter-agent message…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bohan Lin , Kuo Yang , Zelin Tan , Yingchuan Lai , Chen Zhang , Guibin Zhang , Xinlei Yu , Miao Yu , Xu Wang , Yudong Zhang , Yang Wang

Mental health assessment is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment, yet traditional clinician-based approaches are limited by the shortage of qualified professionals. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have sparked…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Jinpeng Hu , Ao Wang , Qianqian Xie , Hui Ma , Zhuo Li , Dan Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) can extend their parameter knowledge limits by adopting the Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) paradigm. However, existing LLM-based agent training framework often focuses on answers' accuracy, overlooking specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yifei Chen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

Contemporary evaluation techniques are inadequate for agentic systems. These approaches either focus exclusively on final outcomes -- ignoring the step-by-step nature of agentic systems, or require excessive manual labour. To address this,…

LLM agents are rapidly becoming the practical interface for task automation, yet the ecosystem lacks a principled way to choose among an exploding space of deployable configurations. Existing LLM leaderboards and tool/agent benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yunxiao Shi , Wujiang Xu , Tingwei Chen , Haoning Shang , Ling Yang , Yunfeng Wan , Zhuo Cao , Xing Zi , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Min Xu

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) has predominantly relied on static datasets, which offer limited scalability and fail to capture the evolving reasoning capabilities of recent models. To overcome these limitations, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Seungdong Yoa , Sanghyu Yoon , Suhee Yoon , Dongmin Kim , Ye Seul Sim , Junhyun Lee , Woohyung Lim

With the rapid development of mobile intelligent assistant technologies, multi-modal AI assistants have become essential interfaces for daily user interactions. However, current evaluation methods face challenges including high manual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Meiping Wang , Jian Zhong , Rongduo Han , Liming Kang , Zhengkun Shi , Xiao Liang , Xing Lin , Nan Gao , Haining Zhang

Web agents enable users to perform tasks on web browsers through natural language interaction. Evaluating web agents trajectories is an important problem, since it helps us determine whether the agent successfully completed the tasks.…

Reliable evaluation is essential for developing and deploying large language models, yet in practice it often requires substantial manual effort: practitioners must identify appropriate benchmarks, reproduce heterogeneous evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Chengyu Shen , Yanheng Hou , Minghui Pan , Runming He , Zhen Hao Wong , Meiyi Qiang , Zhou Liu , Hao Liang , Peichao Lai , Zeang Sheng , Wentao Zhang

The advances made by Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the pursuit of LLM agents that can solve intricate, multi-step reasoning tasks. As with any research pursuit, benchmarking and evaluation are key corner stones to efficient and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Luca Gioacchini , Giuseppe Siracusano , Davide Sanvito , Kiril Gashteovski , David Friede , Roberto Bifulco , Carolin Lawrence

Current Large Language Model (LLM) agents demonstrate strong reasoning and tool use capabilities, but often lack self-awareness, failing to balance these approaches effectively. This imbalance leads to Tool Overuse, where models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Cheng Qian , Emre Can Acikgoz , Hongru Wang , Xiusi Chen , Avirup Sil , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur , Heng Ji

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) as general-purpose agents is essential for understanding their capabilities and facilitating their integration into practical applications. However, the evaluation process presents substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Chang Ma , Junlei Zhang , Zhihao Zhu , Cheng Yang , Yujiu Yang , Yaohui Jin , Zhenzhong Lan , Lingpeng Kong , Junxian He

Agent-based AutoML systems rely on large language models to make complex, multi-stage decisions across data processing, model selection, and evaluation. However, existing evaluation practices remain outcome-centric, focusing primarily on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Gaoyuan Du , Amit Ahlawat , Xiaoyang Liu , Jing Wu

Recent advances in autonomous LLM agents demonstrate their ability to improve performance through iterative interaction with the environment. We define this paradigm as Test-Time Improvement (TTI). However, the mechanisms under how and why…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hang Yan , Xinyu Che , Fangzhi Xu , Qiushi Sun , Zichen Ding , Kanzhi Cheng , Jian Zhang , Tao Qin , Jun Liu , Qika Lin

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and agent system designs have empowered agents with unprecedented levels of capability. However, existing agent benchmarks are showing a trend of rapid ceiling-hitting by newly developed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Dadi Guo , Tianyi Zhou , Dongrui Liu , Chen Qian , Qihan Ren , Shuai Shao , Zhiyuan Fan , Yi R. Fung , Kun Wang , Linfeng Zhang , Jing Shao

LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

Language agents are increasingly deployed in complex professional workflows, with tutoring emerging as a particularly high-stakes capability that remains largely unmeasured in existing benchmarks. Effective tutor agents require more than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zixin Chen , Peng Liu , Rui Sheng , Haobo Li , Jianhong Tu , Xiaodong Deng , Kashun Shum , Dayiheng Liu , Huamin Qu

Unlike traditional automation tools or static LLM-based systems, agents combine decision-making and tool utilization to accomplish complex tasks, showing great potential in software engineering. However, existing studies largely focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhuowen Yin , Cuifeng Gao , Chunsong Fan , Wenzhang Yang , Yinxing Xue , Lijun Zhang

Research on self-evolving language agents has accelerated, drawing increasing attention to their ability to create, adapt, and maintain tools from task requirements. However, existing benchmarks predominantly rely on predefined…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Bowei Xia , Mengkang Hu , Shijian Wang , Jiarui Jin , Wenxiang Jiao , Yuan Lu , Kexin Li , Ping Luo

The proliferation of agent frameworks has led to fragmentation in how agents are defined, executed, and evaluated. Existing systems differ in their abstractions, data flow semantics, and tool integrations, making it difficult to share or…