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Various human-designed prompt engineering techniques have been proposed to improve problem solvers based on Large Language Models (LLMs), yielding many disparate code bases. We unify these approaches by describing LLM-based agents as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Mingchen Zhuge , Wenyi Wang , Louis Kirsch , Francesco Faccio , Dmitrii Khizbullin , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Language agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in understanding, reasoning, and executing complex tasks. However, developing robust agents presents significant challenges: substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Qianqian Zhang , Jiajia Liao , Heting Ying , Yibo Ma , Haozhan Shen , Jingcheng Li , Peng Liu , Lu Zhang , Chunxin Fang , Kyusong Lee , Ruochen Xu , Tiancheng Zhao

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at addressing straightforward reasoning tasks, they frequently struggle with difficulties when confronted by more complex multi-step reasoning due to a range of factors. Firstly, natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Kewei Cheng , Nesreen K. Ahmed , Theodore Willke , Yizhou Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable multimodal information processing and reasoning ability. When equipped with tools through function calling and enhanced with retrieval-augmented techniques, compound LLM-based systems can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Borun Shi , Ioannis Panagiotas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased impressive reasoning capabilities, particularly when guided by specifically designed prompts in complex reasoning tasks such as math word problems. These models typically solve tasks using a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Lang Cao

Recent research on Reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) has sought to further enhance their performance by integrating meta-thinking -- enabling models to monitor, evaluate, and control their reasoning processes for more adaptive and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Ziyu Wan , Yunxiang Li , Xiaoyu Wen , Yan Song , Hanjing Wang , Linyi Yang , Mark Schmidt , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang , Shuyue Hu , Ying Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance in complex reasoning problems. Their effectiveness highly depends on the specific nature of the task, especially the required domain knowledge. Existing approaches, such as…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Jiangwen Dong , Zehui Lin , Wanyu Lin , Mingjin Zhang

We introduce Agentic Reasoning, a framework that enhances large language model (LLM) reasoning by integrating external tool-using agents. Agentic Reasoning dynamically leverages web search, code execution, and structured memory to address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Junde Wu , Jiayuan Zhu , Yuyuan Liu , Min Xu , Yueming Jin

Large-language models (LLMs) have demonstrated powerful problem-solving capabilities, in particular when organized in multi-agent systems. However, the advent of such systems also raises several questions on the ability of a complex network…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Florian Grötschla , Luis Müller , Jan Tönshoff , Mikhail Galkin , Bryan Perozzi

A wide range of real-world applications is characterized by their symbolic nature, necessitating a strong capability for symbolic reasoning. This paper investigates the potential application of Large Language Models (LLMs) as symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Meng Fang , Shilong Deng , Yudi Zhang , Zijing Shi , Ling Chen , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Jun Wang

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in tool manipulation for complex task-solving. However, existing paradigms such as ReAct rely on sequential reasoning and execution, failing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jiaqi Wu , Qinlao Zhao , Zefeng Chen , Kai Qin , Yifei Zhao , Xueqian Wang , Yuhang Yao

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu

Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems have emerged as a powerful paradigm for enabling autonomous agents to solve complex tasks. As these systems scale in complexity, cost becomes an important consideration for practical…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Liming Yang , Junyu Luo , Xuanzhe Liu , Yiling Lou , Zhenpeng Chen

Multi-agent systems (MAS) extend large language models (LLMs) from independent single-model reasoning to coordinative system-level intelligence. While existing LLM agents depend on text-based mediation for reasoning and communication, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jiaru Zou , Xiyuan Yang , Ruizhong Qiu , Gaotang Li , Katherine Tieu , Pan Lu , Ke Shen , Hanghang Tong , Yejin Choi , Jingrui He , James Zou , Mengdi Wang , Ling Yang

The remarkable progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) opens up new avenues for addressing planning and decision-making problems in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). However, as the number of agents increases, the issues of hallucination in LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Bin Zhang , Hangyu Mao , Jingqing Ruan , Ying Wen , Yang Li , Shao Zhang , Zhiwei Xu , Dapeng Li , Ziyue Li , Rui Zhao , Lijuan Li , Guoliang Fan

Effectively processing long contexts remains a fundamental yet unsolved challenge for large language models (LLMs). Existing single-LLM-based methods primarily reduce the context window or optimize the attention mechanism, but they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yichen Jiang , Jiakang Yuan , Chongjun Tu , Peng Ye , Tao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) promise to accelerate discovery by reasoning across the expanding scientific landscape. Yet, the challenge is no longer access to information but connecting it in meaningful, domain-spanning ways. In materials…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Isabella A. Stewart , Tarjei Paule Hage , Yu-Chuan Hsu , Markus J. Buehler

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in processing text data, which has sparked interest in applying these models beyond textual data, such as graphs. In the field of graph learning, there is a growing interest in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Sheng Ouyang , Yulan Hu , Ge Chen , Yong Liu

LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated strong reasoning and decision-making capabilities that consistently surpass those of single LLM agents. However, their performance often suffers from naive aggregation mechanisms that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Longgang He , Longzhu He , Daojing He , Chaozhuo Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as reasoning systems, where reasoning paradigms - such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and multi-agent systems (MAS) - play a critical role, yet their relative effectiveness and cost-accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yapeng Li , Jiakuo Yu , Zhixin Liu , Xinnan Liu , Jing Yu , Songze Li , Tonghua Su