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Although Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP tasks, they still need external tools to extend their ability. Current research on tool learning with LLMs often assumes mandatory tool use, which does not always align with real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kangyun Ning , Yisong Su , Xueqiang Lv , Yuanzhe Zhang , Jian Liu , Kang Liu , Jinan Xu

The adeptness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in comprehending and following natural language instructions is critical for their deployment in sophisticated real-world applications. Existing evaluations mainly focus on fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Tao Zhang , Chenglin Zhu , Yanjun Shen , Wenjing Luo , Yan Zhang , Hao Liang , Tao Zhang , Fan Yang , Mingan Lin , Yujing Qiao , Weipeng Chen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang , Zenan Zhou

The recent trend of using Large Language Models (LLMs) as tool agents in real-world applications underscores the necessity for comprehensive evaluations of their capabilities, particularly in complex scenarios involving planning, creating,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Shijue Huang , Wanjun Zhong , Jianqiao Lu , Qi Zhu , Jiahui Gao , Weiwen Liu , Yutai Hou , Xingshan Zeng , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Ruifeng Xu , Qun Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have displayed massive improvements in reasoning and decision-making skills and can hold natural conversations with users. Recently, many tool-use benchmark datasets have been proposed. However, existing…

Large language models are increasingly applied to operational decision-making where the underlying structure is constrained optimization. Existing benchmarks evaluate whether LLMs can formulate optimization problems as solver code, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Joseph Tso , Preston Schmittou , Quan Huynh , Jibran Hutchins

Fulfilling user needs through Large Language Model multi-turn, multi-step tool-use is rarely a straightforward process. Real user interactions are inherently wild, being intricate, messy, and flexible. We identify three key challenges from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Peijie Yu , Wei Liu , Yifan Yang , Jinjian Li , Zelong Zhang , Xiao Feng , Feng Zhang

While integrating external tools into large language models (LLMs) enhances their ability to access real-time information and domain-specific services, existing approaches focus narrowly on functional tool selection following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zihao Cheng , Hongru Wang , Zeming Liu , Yuhang Guo , Yuanfang Guo , Yunhong Wang , Haifeng Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in decision-making and reasoning, particularly when integrated with various tools to effectively solve complex problems. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating LLMs'…

The ability to follow instructions is crucial for Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle various real-world applications. Existing benchmarks primarily focus on evaluating pure response quality, rather than assessing whether the response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Xingshan Zeng , Wanjun Zhong , Liangyou Li , Fei Mi , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , Wei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in addressing tasks that necessitate a combination of task planning and the usage of external tools that require a blend of task planning and the utilization of external tools, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yilun Kong , Jingqing Ruan , Yihong Chen , Bin Zhang , Tianpeng Bao , Shiwei Shi , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Hangyu Mao , Ziyue Li , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have increased the demand for comprehensive benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities as human-like agents. Existing benchmarks, while useful, often focus on specific application scenarios,…

Enhancing the ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow complex instructions is critical for their deployment in real-world applications. However, existing evaluation methods often oversimplify instruction complexity as a mere…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiaona Xue , Yiqiao Huang , Jiacheng Li , Yuanhang Zheng , Huiqi Miao , Yunfei Ma , Rui Liu , Xinbao Sun , Minglu Liu , Fanyu Meng , Chao Deng , Junlan Feng

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to utilize external tools has enabled them to tackle an increasingly diverse range of tasks. However, as the tasks become more complex and long-horizon, the intricate tool utilization process may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Shiting Huang , Zhen Fang , Zehui Chen , Siyu Yuan , Junjie Ye , Yu Zeng , Lin Chen , Qi Mao , Feng Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in software engineering, yet comprehensive benchmarks covering diverse SE activities remain limited. We present a multi-task evaluation of 11 state-of-the-art LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Go Frendi Gunawan , Mukhlis Amien

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in using external tools to address user inquiries. However, most existing evaluations assume tool use in short contexts, offering limited insight into model behavior during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Beong-woo Kwak , Minju Kim , Dongha Lim , Hyungjoo Chae , Dongjin Kang , Sunghwan Kim , Dongil Yang , Jinyoung Yeo

Recent advances in reasoning with large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on complex mathematical tasks, including combinatorial optimization. Techniques such as Chain-of-Thought and In-Context Learning have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Marylou Fauchard , Florian Carichon , Margarida Carvalho , Golnoosh Farnadi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to real-world code generation, where functional correctness alone is insufficient for reliable deployment, developers also expect adherence to explicit requirements for robustness,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Sravani Gunnu , Shanmukha Guttula , Hima Patel

Large language models (LLMs) are powerful tools capable of handling diverse tasks. Comparing and selecting appropriate LLMs for specific tasks requires systematic evaluation methods, as models exhibit varying capabilities across different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Anna Sokol , Elizabeth Daly , Michael Hind , David Piorkowski , Xiangliang Zhang , Nuno Moniz , Nitesh Chawla

Instruction following is one of the fundamental capabilities of large language models (LLMs). As the ability of LLMs is constantly improving, they have been increasingly applied to deal with complex human instructions in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Bosi Wen , Pei Ke , Xiaotao Gu , Lindong Wu , Hao Huang , Jinfeng Zhou , Wenchuang Li , Binxin Hu , Wendy Gao , Jiaxin Xu , Yiming Liu , Jie Tang , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to use external tools unlocks powerful real-world interactions, making rigorous evaluation essential. However, current benchmarks primarily report final accuracy, revealing what models can do but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Qihao Wang , Yue Hu , Mingzhe Lu , Jiayue Wu , Yanbing Liu , Yuanmin Tang
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