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Accumulated Local Effect (ALE) is a method for accurately estimating feature effects, overcoming fundamental failure modes of previously-existed methods, such as Partial Dependence Plots. However, ALE's approximation, i.e. the method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Vasilis Gkolemis , Theodore Dalamagas , Christos Diou

We study the robustness of global post-hoc explanations for predictive models trained on tabular data. Effects of predictor features in black-box supervised learning are an essential diagnostic tool for model debugging and scientific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Hubert Baniecki , Giuseppe Casalicchio , Bernd Bischl , Przemyslaw Biecek

When fitting black box supervised learning models (e.g., complex trees, neural networks, boosted trees, random forests, nearest neighbors, local kernel-weighted methods, etc.), visualizing the main effects of the individual predictor…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-21 Daniel W. Apley , Jingyu Zhu

Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) is a model-agnostic approach for global explanations of the results of black-box machine learning (ML) algorithms. There are at least three challenges with conducting statistical inference based on ALE:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Chitu Okoli

While many areas of machine learning have benefited from the increasing availability of large and varied datasets, the benefit to causal inference has been limited given the strong assumptions needed to ensure identifiability of causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-02 Wenshuo Guo , Serena Wang , Peng Ding , Yixin Wang , Michael I. Jordan

Estimating how individual input variables affect the output of a black-box model is a central task in explainable machine learning. However, existing methods suffer from two key limitations: sensitivity to out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-23 Chih-Yu Chang , Ming-Chung Chang

Beta coefficients for linear regression models represent the ideal form of an interpretable feature effect. However, for non-linear models and especially generalized linear models, the estimated coefficients cannot be interpreted as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Christian A. Scholbeck , Giuseppe Casalicchio , Christoph Molnar , Bernd Bischl , Christian Heumann

Global feature effect methods, such as partial dependence plots, provide an intelligible visualization of the expected marginal feature effect. However, such global feature effect methods can be misleading, as they do not represent local…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-18 Julia Herbinger , Marvin N. Wright , Thomas Nagler , Bernd Bischl , Giuseppe Casalicchio

With increasing reliance on the outcomes of black-box models in critical applications, post-hoc explainability tools that do not require access to the model internals are often used to enable humans understand and trust these models. In…

We consider a three-level meta-analysis of standardized mean differences. The standard method of estimation uses inverse-variance weights and REML/PL estimation of variance components for the random effects. We introduce new moment-based…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-05 Elena Kulinskaya , David C. Hoaglin

Augmented inverse probability weighting and G-computation with canonical generalized linear models have become increasingly popular for estimating average treatment effects (ATEs) in randomized experiments. These methods leverage outcome…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-13 Muluneh Alene , Stijn Vansteelandt , Kelly Van Lancker

As regression is a widely studied problem, many methods have been proposed to solve it, each of them often requiring setting different hyper-parameters. Therefore, selecting the proper method for a given application may be very difficult…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Nassime Mountasir , Baptiste Lafabregue , Bruno Albert , Nicolas Lachiche

Accumulated Local Effects (ALE) is a widely-used explainability method for isolating the average effect of a feature on the output, because it handles cases with correlated features well. However, it has two limitations. First, it does not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Vasilis Gkolemis , Theodore Dalamagas , Eirini Ntoutsi , Christos Diou

This paper addresses the long-standing challenge of estimating the leverage effect from high-frequency data contaminated by dependent, non-Gaussian microstructure noise. We depart from the conventional reliance on pre-averaging or…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Ziyang Xiong , Zhao Chen , Christina Dan Wang

Finding the features relevant to the difference in treatment effects is essential to unveil the underlying causal mechanisms. Existing methods seek such features by measuring how greatly the feature attributes affect the degree of the {\it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Yoichi Chikahara , Makoto Yamada , Hisashi Kashima

Single-parameter summaries of variable effects in regression settings are desirable for ease of interpretation. However (partially) linear models for example, which would deliver these, may fit poorly to the data. On the other hand, an…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-28 Harvey Klyne , Rajen D. Shah

As machine learning systems become more ubiquitous, methods for understanding and interpreting these models become increasingly important. In particular, practitioners are often interested both in what features the model relies on and how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Andrew Yeh , Anhthy Ngo

Large-scale black-box models have become ubiquitous across numerous applications. Understanding the influence of individual training data sources on predictions made by these models is crucial for improving their trustworthiness. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Myeongseob Ko , Feiyang Kang , Weiyan Shi , Ming Jin , Zhou Yu , Ruoxi Jia

Exposure measurement error is a ubiquitous but often overlooked challenge in causal inference with observational data. Existing methods accounting for exposure measurement error largely rely on restrictive parametric assumptions, while…

We revisit the classical causal inference problem of estimating the average treatment effect in the presence of fully observed confounding variables using two-stage semiparametric methods. In existing theoretical studies of methods such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-23 Steve Yadlowsky
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