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The kind of closed-loop verification likely to be required for autonomous vehicle (AV) safety testing is beyond the reach of traditional test methodologies and discrete verification. Validation puts the autonomous vehicle system to the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Hyun Jae Cho , Madhur Behl

Data-efficient reinforcement learning (RL) in continuous state-action spaces using very high-dimensional observations remains a key challenge in developing fully autonomous systems. We consider a particularly important instance of this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-10-12 John-Alexander M. Assael , Niklas Wahlström , Thomas B. Schön , Marc Peter Deisenroth

Closed-loop evaluation is increasingly critical for end-to-end autonomous driving. Current closed-loop benchmarks using the CARLA simulator rely on manually configured traffic scenarios, which can diverge from real-world conditions,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haibao Yu , Wenxian Yang , Ruiyang Hao , Chuanye Wang , Jiaru Zhong , Ping Luo , Zaiqing Nie

Drifting, characterized by controlled vehicle motion at high sideslip angles, is crucial for safely handling emergency scenarios at the friction limits. While recent reinforcement learning approaches show promise for drifting control, they…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yihan Zhou , Yiwen Lu , Bo Yang , Jiayun Li , Yilin Mo

Autonomous race driving poses a complex control challenge as vehicles must be operated at the edge of their handling limits to reduce lap times while respecting physical and safety constraints. This paper presents a novel reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yuanda Wang , Xin Yuan , Changyin Sun

Current autonomous driving systems are composed of a perception system and a decision system. Both of them are divided into multiple subsystems built up with lots of human heuristics. An end-to-end approach might clean up the system and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Jianyu Chen , Zhuo Xu , Masayoshi Tomizuka

In a recent study, Reinforcement Learning (RL) used in combination with many-objective search, has been shown to outperform alternative techniques (random search and many-objective search) for online testing of Deep Neural Network-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Luca Giamattei , Matteo Biagiola , Roberto Pietrantuono , Stefano Russo , Paolo Tonella

Real-time path planning in constrained environments remains a fundamental challenge for autonomous systems. Traditional classical planners, while effective under perfect perception assumptions, are often sensitive to real-world perception…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Feng Tao , Luca Paparusso , Chenyi Gu , Robin Koehler , Chenxu Wu , Xinyu Huang , Christian Juette , David Paz , Ren Liu

In imitation and reinforcement learning, the cost of human supervision limits the amount of data that robots can be trained on. An aspirational goal is to construct self-improving robots: robots that can learn and improve on their own, from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Archit Sharma , Ahmed M. Ahmed , Rehaan Ahmad , Chelsea Finn

Reinforcement learning (RL)-based driver assistance systems seek to improve fuel consumption via continual improvement of powertrain control actions considering experiential data from the field. However, the need to explore diverse…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Habtamu Hailemichael , Beshah Ayalew , Lindsey Kerbel , Andrej Ivanco , Keith Loiselle

Reinforcement learning (RL) provides a naturalistic framing for learning through trial and error, which is appealing both because of its simplicity and effectiveness and because of its resemblance to how humans and animals acquire skills…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Archit Sharma , Kelvin Xu , Nikhil Sardana , Abhishek Gupta , Karol Hausman , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

Safety-critical corner cases, difficult to collect in the real world, are crucial for evaluating end-to-end autonomous driving. Adversarial interaction is an effective method to generate such safety-critical corner cases. While existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaheng Geng , Jiatong Du , Xinyu Zhang , Ye Li , Panqu Wang , Yanjun Huang

In this work, we propose a self-improving artificial intelligence system to enhance the safety performance of reinforcement learning (RL)-based autonomous driving (AD) agents using black-box verification methods. RL algorithms have become…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Resul Dagdanov , Halil Durmus , Nazim Kemal Ure

Purpose: This study aims to address the challenges of controlling unstable and nonlinear systems by proposing an adaptive PID controller based on predictive reinforcement learning (PRL-PID), where the PRL-PID combines the advantages of both…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-11 Chaoqun Ma , Zhiyong Zhang

Fully autonomous vehicles promise enhanced safety and efficiency. However, ensuring reliable operation in challenging corner cases requires control algorithms capable of performing at the vehicle limits. We address this requirement by…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Grzegorz Czechmanowski , Jan Węgrzynowski , Piotr Kicki , Krzysztof Walas

Training end-to-end policies from image data to directly predict navigation actions for robotic systems has proven inherently difficult. Existing approaches often suffer from either the sim-to-real gap during policy transfer or a limited…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lazar Milikic , Manthan Patel , Jonas Frey

The commissioning and operation of future large-scale scientific experiments will challenge current tuning and control methods. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are a promising solution thanks to their capability of autonomously…

In the past decades, we have witnessed significant progress in the domain of autonomous driving. Advanced techniques based on optimization and reinforcement learning (RL) become increasingly powerful at solving the forward problem: given…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Zheng Wu , Liting Sun , Wei Zhan , Chenyu Yang , Masayoshi Tomizuka

Due to the powerful vision-language reasoning and generalization abilities, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have garnered significant attention in the field of end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving. However, their application to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xueyi Liu , Zuodong Zhong , Yuxin Guo , Yun-Fu Liu , Zhiguo Su , Qichao Zhang , Junli Wang , Yinfeng Gao , Yupeng Zheng , Qiao Lin , Huiyong Chen , Dongbin Zhao

Making decisions in complex driving environments is a challenging task for autonomous agents. Imitation learning methods have great potentials for achieving such a goal. Adversarial Inverse Reinforcement Learning (AIRL) is one of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Pin Wang , Dapeng Liu , Jiayu Chen , Hanhan Li , Ching-Yao Chan