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The security of the previous quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, which is guaranteed by the nature of physics law, is based on the legitimate users. However, impersonation of the legitimate communicators by eavesdroppers, in practice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Guihua Zeng , Xinmei Wang

We introduce a family of QKD protocols for distributing shared random keys within a network of $n$ users. The advantage of these protocols is that any possible key structure needed within the network, including broadcast keys shared among…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-21 Matej Pivoluska , Marcus Huber , Mehul Malik

The appealing feature of quantum key distribution (QKD), from a cryptographic viewpoint, is the ability to prove the information-theoretic security (ITS) of the established keys. As a key establishment primitive, QKD however does not…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two distant parties to share encryption keys with security based on physical laws. Experimentally, it has been implemented with optical means, achieving key rates of 1.26 Megabit/s over 50 kilometres…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-19 Marco Lucamarini , Zhiliang Yuan , James F. Dynes , Andrew J. Shields

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an emerging cryptographic method designed for secure key sharing. Its security is theoretically guaranteed by fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, making it a leading candidate for future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Chia-Tso Lai

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been developed for decades and several different QKD protocols have been proposed. But two difficulties limit the implementation of most QKD protocols. First, the involved participants are required to have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-04 Jun Gu , Tzonelih Hwang

Recently a new quantum key distribution protocol using coherent and thermal states was proposed. In this work this kind of two-layer QKD protocol is formalized and its security against the most common attacks, including external control and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-22 Rubens Viana Ramos

Blockchain (BC) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are some of the most prominent emerging technologies in recent research. These technologies provide security, integrity, as well as confidentiality in their respective applications.…

We describe systems and methods for the deployment of global quantum key distribution (QKD) networks covering transoceanic, long-haul, metro, and access segments of the network. A comparative study of the state-of-the-art QKD technologies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-01 Jing Wang , Bernardo Huberman

Distributed quantum information processing seeks to overcome the scalability limitations of monolithic quantum devices by interconnecting multiple quantum processing nodes via classical and quantum communication. This approach extends the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Johannes Knörzer , Xiaoyu Liu , Benjamin F. Schiffer , Jordi Tura

Improvement in secure transmission of information is an urgent practical need for governments, corporations and individuals. Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises security based on the laws of physics and has rapidly grown from…

Hyperledger Fabric is a prominent and flexible solution for building permissioned distributed ledger platforms. Access control and identity management relies on a Membership Service Provider (MSP) whose cryptographic interface only handles…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Amelia Holcomb , Geovandro C. C. F. Pereira , Bhargav Das , Michele Mosca

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide secure key material between two parties without relying on assumptions about the computational power of an eavesdropper. QKD is performed over quantum links and quantum networks, systems which are…

Blockchain is a decentralized system that allows transaction transmission and storage according to the roles of the Consensus algorithm and Smart contracts. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) consolidate the best characteristics of blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Subhash Shankar Pandey , Tadasha Dash , Prasanta K. Panigrahi , Ahmed Farouk

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most used protocol in the context of quantum cryptography for sharing a private encryption key between two parties. Covid-19 pandemic has raised the ever-increasing need for online communications a lot;…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-01 Ekin Aykut , Hashir Kuniyil , Melis Pahalı , Gizem Gül , Naser Jam , Kadir Durak

Practical implementations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) extending beyond urban areas commonly use satellite links. However, the transmission of quantum states through the Earth's atmosphere is highly susceptible to noise, restricting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Florian Kanitschar , Marcus Huber

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows two users, one of whom is restricted in their quantum capabilities, to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this paper, we design a new SQKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-29 Hasan Iqbal , Walter O. Krawec

The application of renewable energy sources in the power grid increases the necessity of tracking the system's state, especially in smart grids, where there is a bidirectional transfer of data and power. The complexity of coupling between…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-24 Sajjad Asefi , Yash Madhwal , Yury Yanovich , Elena Gryazina

During disaster response, making rapid and well-informed decisions about which areas require immediate attention can save lives. However, current coordination models often struggle with unreliable data, intentional misinformation, and the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Mohammad Taghi Dabiri , Mazen Hasna , Aiman Erbad , Rula Ammuri , Khalid Qaraqe

Twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) was conjectured to beat the private capacity of a point-to-point QKD link by using single-photon interference in a central measuring station. This remarkable conjecture has recently triggered…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-14 Marcos Curty , Koji Azuma , Hoi-Kwong Lo