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While 3D Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) demonstrate remarkable scene understanding capabilities, their practical deployment faces critical challenges due to computational inefficiency. The key bottleneck stems from processing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Wencan Huang , Daizong Liu , Wei Hu

The practical application of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to Video Question Answering (Video-QA) is severely hindered by the high token cost of processing numerous video frames. While keyframe selection is the dominant strategy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shaoguang Wang , Weiyu Guo , Ziyang Chen , Yijie Xu , Xuming Hu , Hui Xiong

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are expensive because the LLM processes hundreds of largely redundant visual tokens. Existing token reduction methods typically exploit \textit{either} vision-encoder saliency (broad but query-agnostic)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Dhruv Parikh , Haoyang Fan , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

Attention mechanisms play a crucial role in the neural revolution of Natural Language Processing (NLP). With the growth of attention-based models, several pruning techniques have been developed to identify and exploit sparseness, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Ileana Rugina , Rumen Dangovski , Li Jing , Preslav Nakov , Marin Soljačić

The rapid growth of visual tokens in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) leads to excessive memory consumption and inference latency, especially when handling high-resolution images and videos. Token pruning is a technique used to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhongyu Yang , Dannong Xu , Wei Pang , Yingfang Yuan

While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning significantly enhances the performance of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), its autoregressive nature incurs prohibitive latency constraints. Current efforts to mitigate this via token…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Dongxu Zhang , Yiding Sun , Cheng Tan , Wenbiao Yan , Ning Yang , Jihua Zhu , Haijun Zhang

Although large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in multi-modal understanding and reasoning, their practical applications are still limited by massive model parameters and high computational costs.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Ji Ma , Wei Suo , Peng Wang , Yanning Zhang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of multimodal tasks. However, their inference efficiency is constrained by the large number of visual tokens processed during decoding. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yu Meng , Kaiyuan Li , Chenran Huang , Chen Gao , Xinlei Chen , Yong Li , Xiaoping Zhang

The computational demands of Vision Transformers (ViTs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) remain a significant challenge due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. While token pruning offers a promising solution, existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Ahmadreza Jeddi , Negin Baghbanzadeh , Elham Dolatabadi , Babak Taati

Vision-language models (VLMs) face significant computational inefficiencies caused by excessive generation of visual tokens. While prior work shows that a large fraction of visual tokens are redundant, existing compression methods struggle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhengyao Fang , Pengyuan Lyu , Chengquan Zhang , Guangming Lu , Jun Yu , Wenjie Pei

Pruning has emerged as a promising direction for accelerating large language model (LLM) inference, yet existing approaches often suffer from instability because they rely on offline calibration data that may not generalize across inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Jungmin Lee , Gwangeun Byeon , Yulhwa Kim , Seokin Hong

In large vision-language models, visual tokens typically constitute the majority of input tokens, leading to substantial computational overhead. To address this, recent studies have explored pruning redundant or less informative visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Sangin Lee , Yukyung Choi

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown strong capabilities on diverse multimodal tasks. However, the large number of visual tokens output by the vision encoder severely hinders inference efficiency, and prior studies have shown that many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jingqi Xu , Jingxi Lu , Chenghao Li , Sreetama Sarkar , Peter A. Beerel

By treating visual tokens from visual encoders as text tokens, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across diverse visual understanding tasks, leveraging the robust architectures of Large Language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Zeliang Zhang , Phu Pham , Wentian Zhao , Kun Wan , Yu-Jhe Li , Jianing Zhou , Daniel Miranda , Ajinkya Kale , Chenliang Xu

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) suffer from prohibitive inference costs due to the massive number of visual tokens processed by the language decoder. Existing pruning methods often lead to significant performance degradation because…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jianwei Zhang , Chaoning Zhang , Sihan Cao , Wang Liu , Pengcheng Zheng , Jiaxin Huang , Caiyan Qin , Yalan Ye , Wei Dong , Yang Yang

The established redundancy in visual tokens within large vision-language models allows pruning to effectively reduce their substantial computational demands. Previous methods typically employ heuristic layer-specific pruning strategies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanshi Wang , Yuhao Xu , Zekun Xu , Jin Gao , Yufan Liu , Weiming Hu , Ke Wang , Zhipeng Zhang

Aligning general-purpose large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks often incurs significant training adjustment costs. Prior research has explored various avenues to enhance alignment efficiency, primarily through minimal-data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Hao Chen , Haoze Li , Zhiqing Xiao , Lirong Gao , Qi Zhang , Xiaomeng Hu , Ningtao Wang , Xing Fu , Junbo Zhao

Large vision-and-language models (LVLMs) have traditionally integrated visual and textual tokens by concatenating them into a single homogeneous input for large language models (LLMs), thereby maximally preserving the pre-trained language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chia-Wen Kuo , Sijie Zhu , Fan Chen , Xiaohui Shen , Longyin Wen

Scaling the context size of large language models (LLMs) enables them to perform various new tasks, e.g., book summarization. However, the memory cost of the Key and Value (KV) cache in attention significantly limits the practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Zhiyu Guo , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe

Online video understanding is essential for applications like public surveillance and AI glasses. However, applying Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to this domain is challenging due to the large number of video frames, resulting in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Xinqi Jin , Hanxun Yu , Bohan Yu , Kebin Liu , Jian Liu , Keda Tao , Yixuan Pei , Huan Wang , Fan Dang , Jiangchuan Liu , Weiqiang Wang
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