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Variational techniques have long been at the heart of atomic, solid-state, and many-body physics. They have recently extended to quantum and classical machine learning, providing a basis for representing quantum states via neural networks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Thomas Spriggs , Arash Ahmadi , Bokai Chen , Eliska Greplova

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) are pivotal components of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), which represent a promising pathway to quantum advantage in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. PQCs enable flexible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Joona Pankkonen , Lauri Ylinen , Matti Raasakka , Andrea Marchesin , Ilkka Tittonen

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a promising algorithm for demonstrating quantum advantage in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. However, optimizing VQE from random initial starting parameters is challenging due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-20 Abid Khan , Bryan K. Clark , Norm M. Tubman

Variational hybrid quantum-classical algorithms are powerful tools to maximize the use of Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum devices. While past studies have developed powerful and expressive ansatze, their near-term applications have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-30 Sukin Sim , Jonathan Romero , Jerome F. Gonthier , Alexander A. Kunitsa

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are expected to be a path to quantum advantages on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. However, both empirical and theoretical results exhibit that the deployed ansatz heavily affects the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-31 Yuxuan Du , Tao Huang , Shan You , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a hybrid algorithm for finding the minimum eigenvalue/vector of a given Hamiltonian by optimizing a parametrized quantum circuit (PQC) using a classical computer. Sequential optimization methods,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Katsuhiro Endo , Yuki Sato , Rudy Raymond , Kaito Wada , Naoki Yamamoto , Hiroshi C. Watanabe

Demonstrating quantum advantage in machine learning tasks requires navigating a complex landscape of proposed models and algorithms. To bring clarity to this search, we introduce a framework that connects the structure of parametrized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Sergi Masot-Llima , Elies Gil-Fuster , Carlos Bravo-Prieto , Jens Eisert , Tommaso Guaita

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a promising tool for simulating ground states of quantum many-body systems on noisy quantum computers. Its effectiveness relies heavily on the ansatz, which must be both hardware-efficient for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Alina Joch , Götz S. Uhrig , Benedikt Fauseweh

Quantum computing holds the potential to revolutionize various fields by efficiently tackling complex problems. At its core are quantum circuits, sequences of quantum gates manipulating quantum states. The selection of the right quantum…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Xiaoyu Guo , Takahiro Muta , Jianjun Zhao

Many promising quantum algorithms in economics, medical science, and material science rely on circuits that are parameterized by a large number of angles. To ensure that these algorithms are efficient, these parameterized circuits must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Neil J. Ross , Scott Wesley

Barren Plateaus are a formidable challenge for hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that lead to flat plateaus in the loss function landscape making it difficult to take advantage of the expressive power of parameterized quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Michelle Gelman

Quantum computers hold unprecedented potentials for machine learning applications. Here, we prove that physical quantum circuits are PAC (probably approximately correct) learnable on a quantum computer via empirical risk minimization: to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-04 Haoyuan Cai , Qi Ye , Dong-Ling Deng

One of the commonly used chemical-inspired approaches in variational quantum computing is the unitary coupled-cluster (UCC) ansatze. Despite being a systematic way of approaching the exact limit, the number of parameters in the standard UCC…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-06 Shashank G Mehendale , Bo Peng , Niranjan Govind , Yuri Alexeev

We propose an approach for learning probability distributions as differentiable quantum circuits (DQC) that enable efficient quantum generative modelling (QGM) and synthetic data generation. Contrary to existing QGM approaches, we perform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 Oleksandr Kyriienko , Annie E. Paine , Vincent E. Elfving

As quantum computing continues to gain attention, there is growing interest in how classical machine learning can assist quantum workflows in practice. Automated circuit design, sometimes referred to as Quantum Architecture Search (QAS), is…

In machine learning, overparameterization is associated with qualitative changes in the empirical risk landscape, which can lead to more efficient training dynamics. For many parameterized models used in statistical learning, there exists a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Andrea Delgado , Francisco Rios , Kathleen E. Hamilton

Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems faster than classical computers by exploiting quantum mechanical effects such as superposition. However, building high-quality quantum software is challenging due to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Julian Shen , Joshua Ammermann , Christoph König , Ina Schaefer

Quantum neural networks combine quantum computing with advanced data-driven methods, offering promising applications in quantum machine learning. However, the optimal paradigm for balancing trainability and expressivity in QNNs remains an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Hongshun Yao , Xia Liu , Mingrui Jing , Guangxi Li , Xin Wang

Barren plateaus (BP), characterized by exponentially vanishing gradients that hinder the training of variational quantum circuits (VQC), present a pervasive and critical challenge in applying variational quantum algorithms to real-world…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-24 Yipei Liu , Yuhong Song , Jinyang Li , Qiang Guan , Cheng-chang Lu , Youzuo Lin , Weiwen Jiang

Variational Quantum Circuits are being used as versatile Quantum Machine Learning models. Some empirical results exhibit an advantage in supervised and generative learning tasks. However, when applied to Reinforcement Learning, less is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 André Sequeira , Luis Paulo Santos , Luís Soares Barbosa