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Inverse protein folding -- the task of predicting a protein sequence from its backbone atom coordinates -- has surfaced as an important problem in the "top down", de novo design of proteins. Contemporary approaches have cast this problem as…

The inapplicability of amino acid covariation methods to small protein families has limited their use for structural annotation of whole genomes. Recently, deep learning has shown promise in allowing accurate residue-residue contact…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2019-09-10 Joe G Greener , Shaun M Kandathil , David T Jones

MOTIVATION: Proteins fold into complex structures that are crucial for their biological functions. Experimental determination of protein structures is costly and therefore limited to a small fraction of all known proteins. Hence, different…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-04-18 David Menéndez Hurtado , Karolis Uziela , Arne Elofsson

The inverse folding problem, aiming to design amino acid sequences that fold into desired three-dimensional structures, is pivotal for various biotechnological applications. Here, we introduce a novel approach leveraging Direct Preference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Junde Xu , Zijun Gao , Xinyi Zhou , Jie Hu , Xingyi Cheng , Le Song , Guangyong Chen , Pheng-Ann Heng , Jiezhong Qiu

Designing protein sequences that fold into a target 3-D structure, termed as the inverse folding problem, is central to protein engineering. However, it remains challenging due to the vast sequence space and the importance of local…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-17 Sazan Mahbub , Souvik Kundu , Eric P. Xing

How can we design protein sequences folding into the desired structures effectively and efficiently? AI methods for structure-based protein design have attracted increasing attention in recent years; however, few methods can simultaneously…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Zhangyang Gao , Cheng Tan , Pablo Chacón , Stan Z. Li

Motivation Protein fold recognition is an important problem in structural bioinformatics. Almost all traditional fold recognition methods use sequence (homology) comparison to indirectly predict the fold of a tar get protein based on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-06 Jie Hou , Badri Adhikari , Jianlin Cheng

Inverse Protein Folding (IPF) is a critical subtask in the field of protein design, aiming to engineer amino acid sequences capable of folding correctly into a specified three-dimensional (3D) conformation. Although substantial progress has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yanting Li , Jiyue Jiang , Zikang Wang , Ziqian Lin , Dongchen He , Yuheng Shan , Yanruisheng Shao , Jiayi Li , Xiangyu Shi , Jiuming Wang , Yanyu Chen , Yimin Fan , Han Li , Yu Li

Despite considerable progress, ab initio protein structure prediction remains suboptimal. A crowdsourcing approach is the online puzzle video game Foldit, that provided several useful results that matched or even outperformed…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-09 Dimitra N. Panou , Martin Reczko

Inverse protein folding generates valid amino acid sequences that can fold into a desired protein structure, with recent deep-learning advances showing strong potential and competitive performance. However, challenges remain, such as…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-29 Peizhen Bai , Filip Miljković , Xianyuan Liu , Leonardo De Maria , Rebecca Croasdale-Wood , Owen Rackham , Haiping Lu

Inverse protein folding, the process of designing sequences that fold into a specific 3D structure, is crucial in bio-engineering and drug discovery. Traditional methods rely on experimentally resolved structures, but these cover only a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-27 Igor Melnyk , Aurelie Lozano , Payel Das , Vijil Chenthamarakshan

After AlphaFold won the Nobel Prize, protein prediction with deep learning once again became a hot topic. We comprehensively explore advanced deep learning methods applied to protein structure prediction and design. It begins by examining…

Designing protein sequences that fold into a target 3D structure, known as protein inverse folding, is a fundamental challenge in protein engineering. While recent deep learning methods have achieved impressive performance by recovering…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-03 Mengdi Liu , Xiaoxue Cheng , Zhangyang Gao , Hong Chang , Cheng Tan , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Variational methods are widely applied to ill-posed inverse problems for they have the ability to embed prior knowledge about the solution. However, the level of performance of these methods significantly depends on a set of parameters,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-01-23 Carla Bertocchi , Emilie Chouzenoux , Marie-Caroline Corbineau , Jean-Christophe Pesquet , Marco Prato

Inverse protein folding is a fundamental task in computational protein design, which aims to design protein sequences that fold into the desired backbone structures. While the development of machine learning algorithms for this task has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yiheng Zhu , Jialu Wu , Qiuyi Li , Jiahuan Yan , Mingze Yin , Wei Wu , Mingyang Li , Jieping Ye , Zheng Wang , Jian Wu

Recent advances in geometric deep learning and generative modeling have enabled the design of novel proteins with a wide range of desired properties. However, current state-of-the-art approaches are typically restricted to generating…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-26 Vsevolod Viliuga , Leif Seute , Nicolas Wolf , Simon Wagner , Arne Elofsson , Jan Stühmer , Frauke Gräter

Recent computational advances in the accurate prediction of protein three-dimensional (3D) structures from amino acid sequences now present a unique opportunity to decipher the interrelationships between proteins. This task entails--but is…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-19 Menuka Jaiswal , Saad Saleem , Yonghyeon Kweon , Eli J Draizen , Stella Veretnik , Cameron Mura , Philip E. Bourne

Inverse protein folding is challenging due to its inherent one-to-many mapping characteristic, where numerous possible amino acid sequences can fold into a single, identical protein backbone. This task involves not only identifying viable…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-08 Kai Yi , Bingxin Zhou , Yiqing Shen , Pietro Liò , Yu Guang Wang

Deep learning has transformed protein design, enabling accurate structure prediction, sequence optimization, and de novo protein generation. Advances in single-chain protein structure prediction via AlphaFold2, RoseTTAFold, ESMFold, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Gregory W. Kyro , Tianyin Qiu , Victor S. Batista

Inverse folding models play an important role in structure-based design by predicting amino acid sequences that fold into desired reference structures. Models like ProteinMPNN, a message-passing encoder-decoder model, are trained to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ryan Park , Darren J. Hsu , C. Brian Roland , Maria Korshunova , Chen Tessler , Shie Mannor , Olivia Viessmann , Bruno Trentini
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