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Normalizing flows are flexible, parameterized distributions that can be used to approximate expectations from intractable distributions via importance sampling. However, current flow-based approaches are limited on challenging targets where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Laurence Illing Midgley , Vincent Stimper , Gregor N. C. Simm , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Under general assumptions on the target distribution $p^\star$, we establish a sharp Lipschitz regularity theory for flow-matching vector fields and diffusion-model scores, with optimal dependence on time and dimension. As applications, we…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-08 Arthur Stéphanovitch

Normalizing Flows (NF) are powerful likelihood-based generative models that are able to trade off between expressivity and tractability to model complex densities. A now well established research avenue leverages optimal transport (OT) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Guillaume Morel , Lucas Drumetz , Simon Benaïchouche , Nicolas Courty , François Rousseau

Molecules are frequently represented as graphs, but the underlying 3D molecular geometry (the locations of the atoms) ultimately determines most molecular properties. However, most molecules are not static and at room temperature adopt a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-06-14 Kirk Swanson , Jake Williams , Eric Jonas

We present a novel theoretical framework for understanding the expressive power of normalizing flows. Despite their prevalence in scientific applications, a comprehensive understanding of flows remains elusive due to their restricted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Felix Draxler , Stefan Wahl , Christoph Schnörr , Ullrich Köthe

Normalizing flows (NF) are a class of powerful generative models that have gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to model complex distributions with high flexibility and expressiveness. In this work, we introduce a new type…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Jonas Köhler , Michele Invernizzi , Pim de Haan , Frank Noé

Many normalizing flow architectures impose regularity constraints, yet their distributional approximation properties are not fully characterized. We study the expressivity of bi-Lipschitz normalizing flows through the lens of score-based…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Meira Iske , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

In this paper, we consider the problem of recovering the $W_2$-optimal transport map T between absolutely continuous measures $\mu,\nu\in\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ as the flow of a linear-control neural ODE, where the control depends only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-04 Alessandro Scagliotti , Sara Farinelli

We propose a new method to estimate Wasserstein distances and optimal transport plans between two probability distributions from samples in high dimension. Unlike plug-in rules that simply replace the true distributions by their empirical…

The Boltzmann machine provides a useful framework to learn highly complex, multimodal and multiscale data distributions that occur in the real world. The default method to learn its parameters consists of minimizing the Kullback-Leibler…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-07-09 Grégoire Montavon , Klaus-Robert Müller , Marco Cuturi

The generation of equilibrium samples of molecular systems has been a long-standing problem in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators are a generative machine learning method that addresses this issue by learning a transformation via a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Leon Klein , Frank Noé

The sampling of probability distributions specified up to a normalization constant is an important problem in both machine learning and statistical mechanics. While classical stochastic sampling methods such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-27 Hao Wu , Jonas Köhler , Frank Noé

In many applications in statistics and machine learning, the availability of data samples from multiple possibly heterogeneous sources has become increasingly prevalent. On the other hand, in distributionally robust optimization, we seek…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-31 Tim Tsz-Kit Lau , Han Liu

We present a computational framework for efficient learning, sampling, and distribution of general Bayesian posterior distributions. The framework leverages a machine learning approach for the construction of normalizing flows for the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-10-10 Yukari Yamauchi , Landon Buskirk , Pablo Giuliani , Kyle Godbey

Normalizing flows (NF) use a continuous generator to map a simple latent (e.g. Gaussian) distribution, towards an empirical target distribution associated with a training data set. Once trained by minimizing a variational objective, the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-23 Florentin Coeurdoux , Nicolas Dobigeon , Pierre Chainais

Scalable sampling of molecular states in thermodynamic equilibrium is a long-standing challenge in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators tackle this problem by pairing a generative model, capable of exact likelihood computation, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Danyal Rehman , Tara Akhound-Sadegh , Artem Gazizov , Yoshua Bengio , Alexander Tong

Flows are exact-likelihood generative neural networks that transform samples from a simple prior distribution to the samples of the probability distribution of interest. Boltzmann Generators (BG) combine flows and statistical mechanics to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-03 Jonas Köhler , Leon Klein , Frank Noé

In this paper, we suggest a novel sampling method for Monte Carlo molecular simulations. In order to perform efficient sampling of molecular systems, it is advantageous to avoid extremely high energy configurations while also retaining the…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-07-18 Katsuhiro Endo , Daisuke Yuhara , Kenji Yasuoka

We propose a novel method for sampling from unnormalized Boltzmann densities based on a probability flow ordinary differential equation (ODE) derived from linear stochastic interpolants. The key innovation of our approach is the use of a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-12 Chenguang Duan , Yuling Jiao , Gabriele Steidl , Christian Wald , Jerry Zhijian Yang , Ruizhe Zhang

We study a variant of the dynamical optimal transport problem in which the energy to be minimised is modulated by the covariance matrix of the distribution. Such transport metrics arise naturally in mean-field limits of certain ensemble…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-12-23 Martin Burger , Matthias Erbar , Franca Hoffmann , Daniel Matthes , André Schlichting