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Answering open-ended questions remains challenging for AI systems because it requires synthesis, judgment, and exploration beyond factual retrieval, and users often refine answers through multiple iterations rather than accepting a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Saransh Sharma , Pritika Ramu , Aparna Garimella , Koyel Mukherjee

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has rapidly advanced the language model field, particularly in question-answering (QA) systems. By integrating external documents during the response generation phase, RAG significantly enhances the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Xinyue Chen , Pengyu Gao , Jiangjiang Song , Xiaoyang Tan

In this paper, we introduce a novel framework, SIMSEEK, (Simulating information-Seeking conversation from unlabeled documents), and compare its two variants. In our baseline SIMSEEK-SYM, a questioner generates follow-up questions upon the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Gangwoo Kim , Sungdong Kim , Kang Min Yoo , Jaewoo Kang

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires reasoning across multiple documents, yet existing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approaches address this either through graph-based methods requiring additional online processing or iterative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Zhenghua Bao , Yi Shi

Existing Scholarly Question Answering (QA) methods typically target homogeneous data sources, relying solely on either text or Knowledge Graphs (KGs). However, scholarly information often spans heterogeneous sources, necessitating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Tilahun Abedissa Taffa , Debayan Banerjee , Yaregal Assabie , Ricardo Usbeck

Existing question answering (QA) systems owe much of their success to large, high-quality training data. Such annotation efforts are costly, and the difficulty compounds in the cross-lingual setting. Therefore, prior cross-lingual QA work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Bryan Li , Chris Callison-Burch

Question-answering (QA) on hybrid scientific tabular and textual data deals with scientific information, and relies on complex numerical reasoning. In recent years, while tabular QA has seen rapid progress, understanding their robustness on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Akash Ghosh , B Venkata Sahith , Niloy Ganguly , Pawan Goyal , Mayank Singh

We publicly release a new large-scale dataset, called SearchQA, for machine comprehension, or question-answering. Unlike recently released datasets, such as DeepMind CNN/DailyMail and SQuAD, the proposed SearchQA was constructed to reflect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Matthew Dunn , Levent Sagun , Mike Higgins , V. Ugur Guney , Volkan Cirik , Kyunghyun Cho

Generative question answering (QA) models generate answers to questions either solely based on the parameters of the model (the closed-book setting) or additionally retrieving relevant evidence (the open-book setting). Generative QA models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zhengbao Jiang , Jun Araki , Haibo Ding , Graham Neubig

Scientific images fundamentally differ from natural and AI-generated images in that they encode structured domain knowledge rather than merely depict visual scenes. Assessing their quality therefore requires evaluating not only perceptual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Wenzhe Li , Liang Chen , Junying Wang , Yijing Guo , Ye Shen , Farong Wen , Chunyi Li , Zicheng Zhang , Guangtao Zhai

In this paper, we introduce the VerifAI project, a pioneering open-source scientific question-answering system, designed to provide answers that are not only referenced but also automatically vetted and verifiable. The components of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Adela Ljajić , Miloš Košprdić , Bojana Bašaragin , Darija Medvecki , Lorenzo Cassano , Nikola Milošević

This work presents a novel architecture for building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems to improve Question Answering (QA) tasks from a target corpus. Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the analyzing and generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Binita Saha , Utsha Saha , Muhammad Zubair Malik

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated on their ability to perform multi-hop reasoning, i.e., to combine multiple pieces of information into a coherent inference. We introduce KinshipQA, a benchmark designed to probe this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tianda Sun , Dimitar Kazakov

Clinical question answering (QA) aims to automatically answer questions from medical professionals based on clinical texts. Studies show that neural QA models trained on one corpus may not generalize well to new clinical texts from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Xiang Yue , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Ziyu Yao , Simon Lin , Huan Sun

Multi-hop question answering (QA) is widely used to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet most benchmarks focus on final answer correctness and overlook intermediate reasoning, especially in long multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Biao Xiang , Soyeon Caren Han , Yihao Ding

Extractive question answering (QA) systems can enable physicians and researchers to query medical records, a foundational capability for designing clinical studies and understanding patient medical history. However, building these systems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Joel Stremmel , Ardavan Saeedi , Hamid Hassanzadeh , Sanjit Batra , Jeffrey Hertzberg , Jaime Murillo , Eran Halperin

Scientific Literature charts often contain complex visual elements, including multi-plot figures, flowcharts, structural diagrams and etc. Evaluating multimodal models using these authentic and intricate charts provides a more accurate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Lingdong Shen , Qigqi , Kun Ding , Gaofeng Meng , Shiming Xiang

Discrepancies between scientific papers and their code undermine reproducibility, a concern that grows as automated research agents scale scientific output beyond human review capacity. Whether LLMs can reliably detect such discrepancies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Tim Baumgärtner , Iryna Gurevych

Scaling Visual Question Answering (VQA) to the open-domain and multi-hop nature of web searches, requires fundamental advances in visual representation learning, knowledge aggregation, and language generation. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Yingshan Chang , Mridu Narang , Hisami Suzuki , Guihong Cao , Jianfeng Gao , Yonatan Bisk

Multi-hop Question Answering over Knowledge Graph~(KGQA) aims to find the answer entities that are multiple hops away from the topic entities mentioned in a natural language question on a large-scale Knowledge Graph (KG). To cope with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Jinhao Jiang , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen