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Tool learning aims to extend the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) with external tools. A major challenge in tool learning is how to support a large number of tools, including unseen tools. To address this challenge, previous…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yuanhang Zheng , Peng Li , Wei Liu , Yang Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang

Tool retrieval is a critical component in enabling large language models (LLMs) to interact effectively with external tools. It aims to precisely filter the massive tools into a small set of candidates for the downstream tool-augmented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Jianghao Lin , Xinyuan Wang , Xinyi Dai , Menghui Zhu , Bo Chen , Ruiming Tang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents with complex reasoning and task-fulfillment capabilities using a wide range of tools. However, effectively identifying the most relevant tools for a given task…

Recent research has highlighted the potential of large language models (LLMs) to improve their problem-solving capabilities with the aid of suitable external tools. In our work, we further advance this concept by introducing a closed-loop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Tianle Cai , Xuezhi Wang , Tengyu Ma , Xinyun Chen , Denny Zhou

Tool-calling has changed Large Language Model (LLM) applications by integrating external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality across diverse tasks. However, this integration also introduces new security vulnerabilities,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Haowei Wang , Rupeng Zhang , Junjie Wang , Mingyang Li , Yuekai Huang , Dandan Wang , Qing Wang

Retrieval-augmented Large Language Models (LLMs) offer substantial benefits in enhancing performance across knowledge-intensive scenarios. However, these methods often face challenges with complex inputs and encounter difficulties due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Haoyu Wang , Ruirui Li , Haoming Jiang , Jinjin Tian , Zhengyang Wang , Chen Luo , Xianfeng Tang , Monica Cheng , Tuo Zhao , Jing Gao

Large Language Models (LLMs) equipped with external tools have demonstrated enhanced performance on complex reasoning tasks. The widespread adoption of this tool-augmented reasoning is hindered by the scarcity of domain-specific tools. For…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Murong Yue , Zhiwei Liu , Liangwei Yang , Jianguo Zhang , Zuxin Liu , Haolin Chen , Ziyu Yao , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Shelby Heinecke , Huan Wang

While the recent developments in large language models (LLMs) have successfully enabled generative recommenders with natural language interactions, their recommendation behavior is limited, leaving other simpler yet crucial components such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Seungheon Doh , Keunwoo Choi , Juhan Nam

Agents backed by large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools drawn from marketplaces where multiple providers offer functionally equivalent options. This raises a critical fairness concern: systematic bias in tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Thierry Blankenstein , Jialin Yu , Zixuan Li , Vassilis Plachouras , Sunando Sengupta , Philip Torr , Yarin Gal , Alasdair Paren , Adel Bibi

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools has emerged as a promising approach to extend their utility, enabling them to solve practical tasks. Previous methods manually parse tool documentation and create in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Lingyong Yan , Yue Feng , Xiuyi Chen , Zhumin Chen , Dawei Yin , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

It is a notable trend to use Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle complex tasks, e.g., tasks that require a sequence of actions and dynamic interaction with tools and external environments. In this paper, we propose StateFlow, a novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yiran Wu , Tianwei Yue , Shaokun Zhang , Chi Wang , Qingyun Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance their reasoning capabilities by using external tools. However, many tasks lack predefined tools. Prior works have explored instructing LLMs to generate tools on their own, but such approaches depend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiao Liu , Da Yin , Zirui Wu , Yansong Feng

Information retrieval systems are crucial for enabling effective access to large document collections. Recent approaches have leveraged Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance retrieval performance through query augmentation, but often rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Pengcheng Jiang , Jiacheng Lin , Lang Cao , Runchu Tian , SeongKu Kang , Zifeng Wang , Jimeng Sun , Jiawei Han

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are autonomous systems powered by LLMs, capable of reasoning and planning to solve problems by leveraging a set of tools. However, the integration of multi-tool capabilities in LLM agents introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Zichuan Li , Jian Cui , Xiaojing Liao , Luyi Xing

LLM-driven agents are capable of selecting external tools to complete users' tasks. However, attackers could compromise such process, steering agents toward inappropriate/wrong tools and enabling malicious actions. Most existing attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xuanye Zhang , Yongsen Zheng , Zhuqin Xu , Kaiyu Zhou , Bowen Shen , Haoran Ou , Tianwei Zhang , Kwok-Yan Lam

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external tools has emerged as a promising approach to solving complex problems. However, traditional methods, which finetune LLMs with tool demonstration data, can be both costly and restricted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Shibo Hao , Tianyang Liu , Zhen Wang , Zhiting Hu

Prior work synthesizes tool-use LLM datasets by first generating a user query, followed by complex tool-use annotations like depth-first search (DFS). This leads to inevitable annotation failures and low efficiency in data generation. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zhongyi Zhou , Kohei Uehara , Haoyu Zhang , Jingtao Zhou , Lin Gu , Ruofei Du , Zheng Xu , Tatsuya Harada

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized web applications, enabling intelligent search, recommendation, and assistant services with natural language interfaces. Tool-calling extends LLMs with the ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yi Zhai , Dian Shen , Junzhou Luo , Bin Yang

Watermarking acts as a critical safeguard in text generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). By embedding identifiable signals into model outputs, watermarking enables reliable attribution and enhances the security of machine-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yukang Lin , Jiahao Shao , Shuoran Jiang , Wentao Zhu , Bingjie Lu , Xiangping Wu , Joanna Siebert , Qingcai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various domains. However, their potential to generate harmful responses has raised significant societal and regulatory concerns, especially when manipulated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Advait Yadav , Haibo Jin , Man Luo , Jun Zhuang , Haohan Wang