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We present Natural Language Tools (NLT), a framework that replaces programmatic JSON tool calling in large language models (LLMs) with natural language outputs. By decoupling tool selection from response generation, NLT eliminates task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Reid T. Johnson , Michelle D. Pain , Jordan D. West

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) exhibit limitations such as generating unsafe responses, unreliable reasoning, etc. Existing inference intervention approaches attempt to mitigate these issues by finetuning additional models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Chenhan Yuan , Fei Huang , Ru Peng , Keming Lu , Bowen Yu , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) enables large language models (LLMs) to improve their internal reasoning ability by integrating external tools. However, models employing TIR often display suboptimal behaviors, such as insufficient or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yifei Chen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

The incessant advent of online services demands high speed and efficient recommender systems (ReS) that can maintain real-time performance along with processing very complex user-item interactions. The present study, therefore, considers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yushang Zhao , Haotian Lyu , Yike Peng , Aijia Sun , Feng Jiang , Xinyue Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with computational efficiency and error propagation in multi-step reasoning tasks. While recent advancements on prompting and post-training have enabled LLMs to perform step-wise reasoning, they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yuan Sui , Yufei He , Tri Cao , Simeng Han , Yulin Chen , Bryan Hooi

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet the choice of which model to use often involves a trade-off between performance and cost. More powerful models, though effective, come with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Isaac Ong , Amjad Almahairi , Vincent Wu , Wei-Lin Chiang , Tianhao Wu , Joseph E. Gonzalez , M Waleed Kadous , Ion Stoica

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been explored as fine-grained zero-shot re-rankers by leveraging attention signals to estimate document relevance. However, existing methods either aggregate attention signals across all heads or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuxing Tian , Fengran Mo , Zhiqi Huang , Weixu Zhang , Jian-Yun Nie

Recently, integrating external tools with Large Language Models (LLMs) has gained significant attention as an effective strategy to mitigate the limitations inherent in their pre-training data. However, real-world systems often incorporate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Xiaochi Wei , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Multi-agent tool calling is becoming the dominant interaction pattern for LLM-based systems, yet existing inference frameworks treat each tool call as an independent request, re-processing the entire conversation from scratch even though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Victor Norgren

Large Language Models (LLMs) currently struggle with tool invocation and chaining, as they often hallucinate or miss essential steps in a sequence. We propose RE-GAINS and EnChAnT, two novel frameworks that empower LLMs to tackle complex…

Large language models (LLMs) deliver impressive capabilities but incur substantial inference latency and cost, which hinders their deployment in latency-sensitive and resource-constrained scenarios. Cloud-edge-device collaborative inference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Haoyu Qiao , Hao Zhang , Shanwen Mao , Siyao Cheng , Jie Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-3.5-Turbo are increasingly used to assist software development, yet they often produce incomplete code or incorrect imports, especially when lacking access to external or project-specific documentation.…

Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) models perform well on link prediction but struggle with unseen entities, relations, and especially literals, limiting their use in dynamic, heterogeneous graphs. In contrast, pretrained large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Alkid Baci , Luke Friedrichs , Caglar Demir , N'Dah Jean Kouagou , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Adjusting the latency, power, and accuracy of natural language understanding models is a desirable objective of an efficient architecture. This paper proposes an efficient Transformer architecture that adjusts the inference computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Sajjad Kachuee , Mohammad Sharifkhani

Split learning (SL) addresses the limitation of running deep learning inference directly on low-power edge/IoT nodes, in which it executes part of the inference process on the sensor and offloading the remainder to a companion device.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zied Jenhani , Mounir Bensalem , Jasenka Dizdarević , Admela Jukan

Standard transformer architectures apply the same number of layers to every token regardless of contextual difficulty. We present Token-Selective Attention (TSA), a learned per-token gate on residual updates between consecutive transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ahmed Abdelmuniem Abdalla Mohammed

Token-level Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has become a standard way to elicit multi-step reasoning in large language models (LLMs), especially for mathematical word problems. However, generating long intermediate traces increases output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Disha Sheshanarayana , Rajat Subhra Pal , Manjira Sinha , Tirthankar Dasgupta

Despite large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive achievements across numerous tasks, supervised fine-tuning (SFT) remains essential for adapting these models to specialized domains. However, SFT for domain specialization can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yibai Liu , Shihang Wang , Zeming Liu , Zheming Song , Junzhe Wang , Jingjing Liu , Qingjie Liu , Yunhong Wang

Looped Language Models (LoopLMs) perform multi-step latent reasoning prior to token generation and outperform conventional LLMs on reasoning benchmarks at smaller parameter budgets. However, attempts to further improve LoopLM reasoning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jonathan Williams , Esin Tureci

Explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning substantially improves the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs), but incurs high inference cost due to lengthy autoregressive traces. Existing latent reasoning methods offer a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hui Xie , Jie Liu , Ziyue Qiao , Joaquin Vanschore