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As AI agents transition from research prototypes to enterprise production systems, the tool interfaces they consume remain rooted in human-oriented CRUD paradigms. This paper identifies five fundamental architectural mismatches between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kai Pan

Large Language Model agents increasingly operate external systems through programmatic interfaces, yet practitioners lack empirical guidance on how to structure the context these agents consume. Using SQL generation as a proxy for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Damon McMillan

While most efforts to improve LLM-based tool-using agents focus on the agent itself - through larger models, better prompting, or fine-tuning - agent performance increasingly plateaus due to the quality of the tool interfaces these agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Ruocheng Guo , Kaiwen Dong , Xiang Gao , Kamalika Das

Tool-using large language model (LLM) agents often face a fundamental tension between answer quality and execution cost. Fixed workflows are stable but inflexible, while free-form multi-step reasoning methods such as ReAct may improve task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Boyan Liu , Gongming Zhao , Hongli Xu

Tool learning methods have enhanced the ability of large language models (LLMs) to interact with real-world applications. Many existing works fine-tune LLMs or design prompts to enable LLMs to select appropriate tools and correctly invoke…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Chengrui Huang , Zhengliang Shi , Yuntao Wen , Xiuying Chen , Peng Han , Shen Gao , Shuo Shang

In Agentic AI, Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in the orchestration layer to coordinate multiple agents and to interact with external services, retrieval components, and shared memory. In this setting, failures are not…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ciprian Paduraru , Petru-Liviu Bouruc , Alin Stefanescu

Large language models are increasingly used to make static analysis tools accessible through natural language, yet existing systems differ in how much they delegate to the LLM without treating the degree of delegation as an independent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Krishna Narasimhan

LLM-based coding agents are increasingly used to generate code, tests, and documentation. Still, their outputs can be plausible yet misaligned with developer intent and provide limited evidence for review in evolving projects. This limits…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ragib Shahariar Ayon

Multi-agent systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are transforming enterprise automation, yet systematic evaluation methodologies for assessing tool-use reliability remain underdeveloped. We introduce a comprehensive diagnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Donghao Huang , Gauri Malwe , Zhaoxia Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents, expected to decompose goals, invoke tools, and verify results in dynamic environments. Realizing these capabilities requires access to agentic data-structured interaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Abhigya Verma , Seganrasan Subramanian , Nandhakumar Kandasamy , Naman Gupta

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to build autonomous agents that perform complex tasks with external tools, often exposed through APIs in enterprise systems. Direct use of these APIs is difficult due to the complex input…

Scaling test-time computation improves performance across different tasks on large language models (LLMs), which has also been extended to tool-augmented agents. For these agents, scaling involves not only "thinking" in tokens but also…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents with access to executable tools, enabling direct interaction with external systems. However, most safety evaluations remain text-centric and assume that compliant language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shasha Yu , Fiona Carroll , Barry L. Bentley

Tool learning enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to interact with external environments by invoking tools, serving as an effective strategy to mitigate the limitations inherent in their pre-training data. In this process, tool…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Changle Qu , Sunhao Dai , Xiaochi Wei , Hengyi Cai , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jun Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Tool-augmented Large Language Models (TaLLMs) extend LLMs with the ability to invoke external tools, enabling them to interact with real-world environments. However, a major limitation in deploying TaLLMs in sensitive applications such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Cailin Winston , Claris Winston , René Just

Recent Text-to-SQL methods leverage large language models (LLMs) by incorporating feedback from the database management system. While these methods effectively address execution errors in SQL queries, they struggle with database mismatches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Zhongyuan Wang , Richong Zhang , Zhijie Nie , Jaein Kim

LLM multi-agent systems often coordinate through natural-language dialogue or loosely structured shared memory, making intermediate state difficult to validate, attribute, and audit. We introduce PatchBoard, a schema-grounded collaboration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shuyu Zhang , Yaqi Shi , Lu Wang

Digital tool-based agents, powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), that invoke external Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) often rely on documentation to understand API functionality. However, such documentation is frequently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Bhrij Patel , Ashish Jagmohan , Aditya Vempaty

Tool-integrated LLMs can retrieve, compute, and take real-world actions via external tools, but reliability remains a key bottleneck. We argue that failures stem from both tool-use accuracy (how well an agent invokes a tool) and intrinsic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hy Dang , Quang Dao , Meng Jiang

Clinician scheduling remains a persistent challenge due to limited clinical resources and fluctuating demands. This complexity is especially acute in large academic anesthesiology departments as physicians balance responsibilities across…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Anjali Jha , Wanqing Chen , Maxim Eckmann , Ian Stockwell , Jianwu Wang , Kai Sun
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