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The mixture of experts (MoE) model is a sparse variant of large language models (LLMs), designed to hold a better balance between intelligent capability and computational overhead. Despite its benefits, MoE is still too expensive to deploy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Haodong Wang , Qihua Zhou , Zicong Hong , Song Guo

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown promising potential for parameter-efficient scaling across domains. However, their application to image classification remains limited, often requiring billion-scale datasets to be competitive. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mathurin Videau , Alessandro Leite , Marc Schoenauer , Olivier Teytaud

Large Language Models (LLMs) with Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures are distinguished by their strong performance scaling with increasing parameters across a wide range of tasks, yet they also suffer from substantial computational and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yuzhuang Xu , Xu Han , Yuanchi Zhang , Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Shiyu Ji , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has become a mainstream architecture for building Large Language Models (LLMs) by reducing per-token computation while enabling model scaling. It can be viewed as partitioning a large Feed-Forward Network (FFN) at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Weilin Cai , Le Qin , Shwai He , Junwei Cui , Ang Li , Jiayi Huang

In recent years, a plethora of open-source foundation models have emerged, achieving remarkable progress in some widely attended fields, with performance being quite close to that of closed-source models. However, in high-value but more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Lei Bai , Zhongrui Cai , Yuhang Cao , Maosong Cao , Weihan Cao , Chiyu Chen , Haojiong Chen , Kai Chen , Pengcheng Chen , Ying Chen , Yongkang Chen , Yu Cheng , Pei Chu , Tao Chu , Erfei Cui , Ganqu Cui , Long Cui , Ziyun Cui , Nianchen Deng , Ning Ding , Nanqing Dong , Peijie Dong , Shihan Dou , Sinan Du , Haodong Duan , Caihua Fan , Ben Gao , Changjiang Gao , Jianfei Gao , Songyang Gao , Yang Gao , Zhangwei Gao , Jiaye Ge , Qiming Ge , Lixin Gu , Yuzhe Gu , Aijia Guo , Qipeng Guo , Xu Guo , Conghui He , Junjun He , Yili Hong , Siyuan Hou , Caiyu Hu , Hanglei Hu , Jucheng Hu , Ming Hu , Zhouqi Hua , Haian Huang , Junhao Huang , Xu Huang , Zixian Huang , Zhe Jiang , Lingkai Kong , Linyang Li , Peiji Li , Pengze Li , Shuaibin Li , Tianbin Li , Wei Li , Yuqiang Li , Dahua Lin , Junyao Lin , Tianyi Lin , Zhishan Lin , Hongwei Liu , Jiangning Liu , Jiyao Liu , Junnan Liu , Kai Liu , Kaiwen Liu , Kuikun Liu , Shichun Liu , Shudong Liu , Wei Liu , Xinyao Liu , Yuhong Liu , Zhan Liu , Yinquan Lu , Haijun Lv , Hongxia Lv , Huijie Lv , Qitan Lv , Ying Lv , Chengqi Lyu , Chenglong Ma , Jianpeng Ma , Ren Ma , Runmin Ma , Runyuan Ma , Xinzhu Ma , Yichuan Ma , Zihan Ma , Sixuan Mi , Junzhi Ning , Wenchang Ning , Xinle Pang , Jiahui Peng , Runyu Peng , Yu Qiao , Jiantao Qiu , Xiaoye Qu , Yuan Qu , Yuchen Ren , Fukai Shang , Wenqi Shao , Junhao Shen , Shuaike Shen , Chunfeng Song , Demin Song , Diping Song , Chenlin Su , Weijie Su , Weigao Sun , Yu Sun , Qian Tan , Cheng Tang , Huanze Tang , Kexian Tang , Shixiang Tang , Jian Tong , Aoran Wang , Bin Wang , Dong Wang , Lintao Wang , Rui Wang , Weiyun Wang , Wenhai Wang , Jiaqi Wang , Yi Wang , Ziyi Wang , Ling-I Wu , Wen Wu , Yue Wu , Zijian Wu , Linchen Xiao , Shuhao Xing , Chao Xu , Huihui Xu , Jun Xu , Ruiliang Xu , Wanghan Xu , GanLin Yang , Yuming Yang , Haochen Ye , Jin Ye , Shenglong Ye , Jia Yu , Jiashuo Yu , Jing Yu , Fei Yuan , Yuhang Zang , Bo Zhang , Chao Zhang , Chen Zhang , Hongjie Zhang , Jin Zhang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Qiuyinzhe Zhang , Songyang Zhang , Taolin Zhang , Wenlong Zhang , Wenwei Zhang , Yechen Zhang , Ziyang Zhang , Haiteng Zhao , Qian Zhao , Xiangyu Zhao , Xiangyu Zhao , Bowen Zhou , Dongzhan Zhou , Peiheng Zhou , Yuhao Zhou , Yunhua Zhou , Dongsheng Zhu , Lin Zhu , Yicheng Zou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models typically fix the number of activated experts $k$ at both training and inference. However, real-world deployments often face heterogeneous hardware, fluctuating workloads, and diverse quality-latency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Naibin Gu , Zhenyu Zhang , Yuchen Feng , Yilong Chen , Peng Fu , Zheng Lin , Shuohuan Wang , Yu Sun , Hua Wu , Weiping Wang , Haifeng Wang

To help the open-source community have a better understanding of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) based large language models (LLMs), we train and release OpenMoE, a series of fully open-sourced and reproducible decoder-only MoE LLMs, ranging from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Fuzhao Xue , Zian Zheng , Yao Fu , Jinjie Ni , Zangwei Zheng , Wangchunshu Zhou , Yang You

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layers have emerged as an important tool in scaling up modern neural networks by decoupling total trainable parameters from activated parameters in the forward pass for each token. However, sparse MoEs add…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Tianze Jiang , Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan , Boris Hanin

Explainability and interpretability of AI models is an essential factor affecting the safety of AI. While various explainable AI (XAI) approaches aim at mitigating the lack of transparency in deep networks, the evidence of the effectiveness…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Kamran Alipour , Jurgen P. Schulze , Yi Yao , Avi Ziskind , Giedrius Burachas

Recently, Mixture of Experts (MoE) based Transformer has shown promising results in many domains. This is largely due to the following advantages of this architecture: firstly, MoE based Transformer can increase model capacity without…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Zhao You , Shulin Feng , Dan Su , Dong Yu

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)has received a great deal of attention recently. Explainability is being presented as a remedy for the distrust of complex and opaque models. Model agnostic methods such as LIME, SHAP, or Break Down…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Alicja Gosiewska , Przemyslaw Biecek

Multimodal machine learning is a core research area spanning the language, visual and acoustic modalities. The central challenge in multimodal learning involves learning representations that can process and relate information from multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Hai Pham , Thomas Manzini , Paul Pu Liang , Barnabas Poczos

Multi-modal collaborative perception calls for great attention to enhancing the safety of autonomous driving. However, current multi-modal approaches remain a ``local fusion to communication'' sequence, which fuses multi-modal data locally…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Kang Yang , Peng Wang , Lantao Li , Tianci Bu , Chen Sun , Deying Li , Yongcai Wang

The Mixtures-of-Experts (MoE) model is a widespread distributed and integrated learning method for large language models (LLM), which is favored due to its ability to sparsify and expand models efficiently. However, the performance of MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Xuan He , Li Zeng , Yi Lin , Entong Li , Binfan Zheng , Rongqian Zhao , Xin Chen

Multi-task learning (MTL) enables the efficient transfer of extra knowledge acquired from other tasks. The high correlation between multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) and multimodal emotion recognition (MER) supports their joint training.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Shuo Zhang , Jinsong Zhang , Zhejun Zhang , Lei Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models efficiently by sparsely activating experts, but once an expert is selected, it is executed fully. Hence, the trade-off between accuracy and computation in an MoE model typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

Class-incremental learning (CIL) requires deep learning models to continuously acquire new knowledge from streaming data while preserving previously learned information. Recently, CIL based on pre-trained models (PTMs) has achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Linjie Li , Zhenyu Wu , Yang Ji

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can achieve promising results with outrageous large amount of parameters but constant computation cost, and thus it has become a trend in model scaling. Still it is a mystery how MoE layers bring quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Yang , Junyang Lin , Rui Men , Chang Zhou , Le Jiang , Xianyan Jia , Ang Wang , Jie Zhang , Jiamang Wang , Yong Li , Di Zhang , Wei Lin , Lin Qu , Jingren Zhou , Hongxia Yang

In deep learning, mixture-of-experts (MoE) activates one or few experts (sub-networks) on a per-sample or per-token basis, resulting in significant computation reduction. The recently proposed \underline{p}atch-level routing in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Mohammed Nowaz Rabbani Chowdhury , Shuai Zhang , Meng Wang , Sijia Liu , Pin-Yu Chen

Sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts (MoE) has been widely adopted to scale deep learning models to trillion-plus parameters with fixed computational cost. The algorithmic performance of MoE relies on its token routing mechanism that forwards…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Changho Hwang , Wei Cui , Yifan Xiong , Ziyue Yang , Ze Liu , Han Hu , Zilong Wang , Rafael Salas , Jithin Jose , Prabhat Ram , Joe Chau , Peng Cheng , Fan Yang , Mao Yang , Yongqiang Xiong