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Existing LLMs-post-training techniques are broadly categorized into supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT). Each paradigm presents a distinct trade-off: (1) SFT excels at mimicking demonstration data, but can lead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zeyu Huang , Tianhao Cheng , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Yinghui Xu , Edoardo M. Ponti , Ivan Titov

Building a search relevance model that achieves both low latency and high performance is a long-standing challenge in the search industry. To satisfy the millisecond-level response requirements of online systems while retaining the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Shijie Zhang , Xiang Guo , Rujun Guo , Shaoyu Liu , Xiaozhao Wang , Guanjun Jiang , Kevin Zhang

Recent advances in video diffusion models have remarkably improved camera-controlled video generation, but most methods rely solely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT), leaving online reinforcement learning (RL) post-training largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Zhaoqing Wang , Xiaobo Xia , Zhuolin Bie , Jinlin Liu , Dongdong Yu , Jia-Wang Bian , Changhu Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal technology in the post-training phase of large language models (LLMs). Traditional task-colocated RL frameworks suffer from significant scalability bottlenecks, while task-separated RL…

The majority of language model training builds on imitation learning. It covers pretraining, supervised fine-tuning, and affects the starting conditions for reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). The simplicity and scalability…

Diffusion models have become a central paradigm for image and multimodal generation, yet their deployment raises persistent questions about alignment, safety, preference satisfaction, and robustness to misuse. This survey reviews recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Preeti Lamba , Kiran Ravish , Ankita Kushwaha , Pawan Kumar

Attention-based sequential recommendation methods have shown promise in accurately capturing users' evolving interests from their past interactions. Recent research has also explored the integration of reinforcement learning (RL) into these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Melissa Mozifian , Tristan Sylvain , Dave Evans , Lili Meng

Reinforcement learning (RL) shows promise for enhancing LLM agentic reasoning, yet sparse terminal rewards hinder fine-grained optimization. Process reward modeling offers an alternative but incurs high computational costs, reward hacking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiao Feng , Bo Han , Zhanke Zhou , Jiaqi Fan , Jiangchao Yao , Ka Ho Li , Dahai Yu , Michael Kwok-Po Ng

Diffusion models (DMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in real-world image super-resolution (SR), yet their reliance on time-consuming multi-step sampling largely hinders their practical applications. While recent efforts have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jiaqi Xu , Wenbo Li , Haoze Sun , Fan Li , Zhixin Wang , Long Peng , Jingjing Ren , Haoran Yang , Xiaowei Hu , Renjing Pei , Pheng-Ann Heng

In the past couple of years, the interest of the fluid mechanics community for deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques has increased at fast pace, leading to a growing bibliography on the topic. While the capabilities of DRL to solve…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-11-30 Jonathan Viquerat , Philippe Meliga , Elie Hachem

Synchronous Reinforcement Learning (RL) post-training has emerged as a crucial step for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with diverse capabilities. However, many systems designed to accelerate RL post-training still suffer from low…

This paper investigates the so-called reward-balancing methods, a novel class of algorithms for solving discounted-return reinforcement learning (RL) problems. These methods consist of iteratively adjusting the reward function to transform…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-23 Simone Baroncini , Bahman Gharesifard , Giuseppe Notarstefano

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) methods harness previous experiences to derive an optimal policy, forming the foundation for pre-trained large-scale models (PLMs). When encountering tasks not seen before, PLMs often utilize several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Shengchao Hu , Wanru Zhao , Weixiong Lin , Li Shen , Ya Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Generative models such as diffusion have been employed as world models in offline reinforcement learning to generate synthetic data for more effective learning. Existing work either generates diffusion models one-time prior to training or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Zeyu Fang , Tian Lan

Recent advances in text-to-image (T2I) diffusion model fine-tuning leverage reinforcement learning (RL) to align generated images with learnable reward functions. The existing approaches reformulate denoising as a Markov decision process…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xinyao Liao , Wei Wei , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng

Text-to-image diffusion models are typically trained to optimize the log-likelihood objective, which presents challenges in meeting specific requirements for downstream tasks, such as image aesthetics and image-text alignment. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Chaofeng Chen , Annan Wang , Haoning Wu , Liang Liao , Wenxiu Sun , Qiong Yan , Weisi Lin

We explore an online reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm to dynamically optimize parallel particle tracing performance in distributed-memory systems. Our method combines three novel components: (1) a work donation algorithm, (2) a…

Graphics · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Jiayi Xu , Hanqi Guo , Han-Wei Shen , Mukund Raj , Skylar W. Wurster , Tom Peterka

In visual Reinforcement Learning (RL), upstream representation learning largely determines the effect of downstream policy learning. Employing auxiliary tasks allows the agent to enhance visual representation in a targeted manner, thereby…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Xin Liu , Yaran Chen , Dongbin Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated immense potential in advancing artificial general intelligence, agentic intelligence, and embodied intelligence. However, the inherent heterogeneity and dynamicity of RL workflows often lead to…

Meta reinforcement learning (Meta-RL) methods such as RL$^2$ have emerged as promising approaches for learning data-efficient RL algorithms tailored to a given task distribution. However, they show poor asymptotic performance and struggle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Abhinav Bhatia , Samer B. Nashed , Shlomo Zilberstein