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Code LLMs still struggle with code execution reasoning, especially in smaller models. Existing methods rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with teacher-generated explanations, primarily in two forms: (1) input-output (I/O) prediction…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Lingxiao Tang , He Ye , Zhaoyang Chu , Muyang Ye , Zhongxin Liu , Xiaoxue Ren , Lingfeng Bao

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising approach for training reasoning language models (RLMs) by leveraging supervision from verifiers. Although verifier implementation is easier than solution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Andre He , Nathaniel Weir , Kaj Bostrom , Allen Nie , Darion Cassel , Sam Bayless , Huzefa Rangwala

Code generation has attracted increasing attention with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). Many studies have developed powerful code LLMs by synthesizing code-related instruction data and applying supervised fine-tuning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Changzhi Zhou , Xinyu Zhang , Dandan Song , Xiancai Chen , Wanli Gu , Huipeng Ma , Yuhang Tian , Mengdi Zhang , Linmei Hu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a core paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). To address the lack of verification signals at test time, prior studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Wenkai Yang , Weijie Liu , Ruobing Xie , Yiju Guo , Lulu Wu , Saiyong Yang , Yankai Lin

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been widely adopted as the de facto method for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models and has demonstrated notable success in verifiable domains like math and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jeff Da , Clinton Wang , Xiang Deng , Yuntao Ma , Nikhil Barhate , Sean Hendryx

Scientific idea generation is a cornerstone of autonomous knowledge discovery, yet the iterative evolution required to transform initial concepts into high-quality research proposals remains a formidable challenge for Large Language Models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Andreas Sauter , Yuyue Zhao , Jacopo Urbani , Wenxiang Hu , Zaiqiao Meng , Lun Zhou , Xiaohui Yan , Yougang Lyu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success on reasoning benchmarks through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), excelling at tasks such as math, coding, logic, and puzzles. However, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaozhe Li , Xinyu Fang , Shengyuan Ding , Yang Li , Linyang Li , Haodong Duan , Qingwen Liu , Kai Chen

Using Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to optimize Large Language Models (LLMs) can be conceptualized as progressively editing a query's `Reasoning Tree'. This process involves exploring nodes (tokens) and dynamically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hong Wang , Zhezheng Hao , Jian Luo , Chenxing Wei , Yao Shu , Lei Liu , Qiang Lin , Hande Dong , Jiawei Chen

We introduce CodeEvolve, an open-source framework that couples large language models with island-based evolutionary search for end-to-end algorithmic discovery. CodeEvolve integrates inspiration-based crossover, meta-prompting, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Henrique Assumpção , Diego Ferreira , Leandro Campos , Fabricio Murai

Recent advances in reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) show that large language models enhance their reasoning abilities when trained with verifiable signals. However, due to reward sparsity, effectiveness depends heavily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sanghwan Bae , Jiwoo Hong , Min Young Lee , Hanbyul Kim , JeongYeon Nam , Donghyun Kwak

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a practical, scalable way to improve large language models on math, code, and other structured tasks. However, we argue that many headline RLVR gains are not yet well validated…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has significantly advanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by optimizing them against factual outcomes. However, this paradigm falters in long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Guanzheng Chen , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Lidong Bing

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves reasoning in large language models but treats all correct solutions equally, potentially reinforcing flawed traces that get correct answers by chance. We observe that better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tiehua Mei , Minxuan Lv , Leiyu Pan , Zhenpeng Su , Hongru Hou , Hengrui Chen , Ao Xu , Deqing Yang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet its success hinges on effective exploration. An ideal exploration strategy must…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Chenghao Yang , Lin Gui , Chenxiao Yang , Victor Veitch , Lizhu Zhang , Zhuokai Zhao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently strengthened LLM reasoning, but its focus on final answer correctness leaves a critical gap: it does not ensure the robustness of the reasoning process itself. We adopt a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Hyunseok Lee , Soheil Abbasloo , Jihoon Tack , Jinwoo Shin

We study the process through which reasoning models trained with reinforcement learning on verifiable rewards (RLVR) can learn to solve new problems. We find that RLVR drives performance in two main ways: (1) by compressing pass@$k$ into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Vaskar Nath , Elaine Lau , Anisha Gunjal , Manasi Sharma , Nikhil Baharte , Sean Hendryx

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a key paradigm for post-training Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly for complex reasoning tasks. However, vanilla RLVR training has been shown to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Xiao Liang , Zhongzhi Li , Yeyun Gong , Yelong Shen , Ying Nian Wu , Zhijiang Guo , Weizhu Chen

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated promising gains in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, its dependence on domain-specific verifiers significantly restricts its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongxuan Huang , Lei Lin , Xiaodong Shi , Wenping Hu , Ruiming Tang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards~(RLVR) has emerged as a powerful learn-to-reason paradigm for large reasoning models to tackle complex tasks. However, the current RLVR paradigm is still not efficient enough, as it works in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junjie Zhang , Guozheng Ma , Shunyu Liu , Haoyu Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Ting-En Lin , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Dacheng Tao

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been shown to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), enabling the development of large reasoning models (LRMs). However, LRMs such as DeepSeek-R1 and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yuhao Wang , Xiaopeng Li , Cheng Gong , Ziru Liu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Xiangyu Zhao