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Incremental learning is the ability of systems to acquire knowledge over time, enabling their adaptation and generalization to novel tasks. It is a critical ability for intelligent, real-world systems, especially when data changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Mladjan Jovanovic , Peter Voss

Continual learning (CL) is essential for deploying large language models (LLMs) in dynamic real-world environments without the need for costly retraining. Recent model merging-based methods have attracted significant attention, but they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yujie Feng , Jian Li , Xiaoyu Dong , Pengfei Xu , Xiaohui Zhou , Yujia Zhang , Zexin LU , Yasha Wang , Alan Zhao , Xu Chu , Xiao-Ming Wu

Lifelong learning, also known as continual or incremental learning, is a crucial component for advancing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) by enabling systems to continuously adapt in dynamic environments. While large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Junhao Zheng , Chengming Shi , Xidi Cai , Qiuke Li , Duzhen Zhang , Chenxing Li , Dong Yu , Qianli Ma

Continual learning (CL) refers to the ability to continually learn over time by accommodating new knowledge while retaining previously learned experience. While this concept is inherent in human learning, current machine learning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Anna Vettoruzzo , Joaquin Vanschoren , Mohamed-Rafik Bouguelia , Thorsteinn Rögnvaldsson

Continual learning (CL) addresses the problem of catastrophic forgetting in neural networks, which occurs when a trained model tends to overwrite previously learned information, when presented with a new task. CL aims to instill the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Shishir Muralidhara , Saqib Bukhari , Georg Schneider , Didier Stricker , René Schuster

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally with the goal of achieving two main objectives: overcoming catastrophic forgetting (CF) and encouraging knowledge transfer (KT) across tasks. However, most existing techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu , Nianzu Ma , Hu Xu , Lei Shu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), particularly in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks. As we progress toward an agentic world where LLM-based agents autonomously handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Naimul Haque

Continual learning (CL) is crucial for evaluating adaptability in learning solutions to retain knowledge. Our research addresses the challenge of catastrophic forgetting, where models lose proficiency in previously learned tasks as they…

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has predominantly catered to high-resource languages, leaving a disparity in performance for low-resource languages. Conventional Continual Training (CT) approaches to bridge this gap often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Tianhao Li , Shangjie Li , Binbin Xie , Deyi Xiong , Baosong Yang

Engineering problems that apply machine learning often involve computationally intensive methods but rely on limited datasets. As engineering data evolves with new designs and constraints, models must incorporate new knowledge over time.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Kaira M. Samuel , Faez Ahmed

Continual learning (CL) aims to incrementally learn different tasks (such as classification) in a non-stationary data stream without forgetting old ones. Most CL works focus on tackling catastrophic forgetting under a learning-from-scratch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Mark D. McDonnell , Dong Gong , Amin Parveneh , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Anton van den Hengel

Learning continuously during all model lifetime is fundamental to deploy machine learning solutions robust to drifts in the data distribution. Advances in Continual Learning (CL) with recurrent neural networks could pave the way to a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Andrea Cossu , Antonio Carta , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Davide Bacciu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities, but their training on massive corpora poses significant risks from memorized sensitive information. To mitigate these issues and align with legal standards, unlearning has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ruichen Qiu , Jiajun Tan , Jiayue Pu , Honglin Wang , Xiao-Shan Gao , Fei Sun

Continual Learning (CL) is essential for enabling self-evolving large language models (LLMs) to adapt and remain effective amid rapid knowledge growth. Yet, despite its importance, little attention has been given to establishing statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xiaofan Zhou , Lu Cheng

Continual learning (CL) for Foundation Models (FMs) is an essential yet underexplored challenge, especially in Federated Continual Learning (FCL), where each client learns from a private, evolving task stream under strict data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Hao Yu , Xin Yang , Boyang Fan , Xuemei Cao , Hanlin Gu , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

Previous studies on continual knowledge learning (CKL) in large language models (LLMs) have predominantly focused on approaches such as regularization, architectural modifications, and rehearsal techniques to mitigate catastrophic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yeongbin Seo , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo

Language models (LMs) exhibit impressive performance and generalization capabilities. However, LMs struggle with the persistent challenge of catastrophic forgetting, which undermines their long-term sustainability in continual learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Wenyu Du , Shuang Cheng , Tongxu Luo , Zihan Qiu , Zeyu Huang , Ka Chun Cheung , Reynold Cheng , Jie Fu

Continual instruction tuning(CIT) during the post-training phase is crucial for adapting multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to evolving real-world demands. However, the progress is hampered by the lack of benchmarks with rigorous,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Haiyun Guo , Zhiyan Hou , Yandu Sun , Jinghan He , Yu Chen , Yuzhe Zhou , Yuheng Jia , Jinqiao Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

In this paper, we focus on a long-term continual learning (CL) task, where a model learns sequentially from a stream of vast tasks over time, acquiring new knowledge while retaining previously learned information in a manner akin to human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tianyu Huai , Jie Zhou , Yuxuan Cai , Qin Chen , Wen Wu , Xingjiao Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Liang He