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The response of a black hole (BH) to tidal forces encodes key information about the underlying gravitational theory and affects the waveform of gravitational waves emitted during binary inspiral processes. In this paper, we analyze the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-08 Hajime Kobayashi , Shinji Mukohyama , Naritaka Oshita , Kazufumi Takahashi , Vicharit Yingcharoenrat

The foundation for modeling the coupling of the internal structure of compact objects in binary systems to their dynamics and emitted gravitational waves is a systematic effective field theory (EFT) framework, where each compact object is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-04 Sumanta Chakraborty , M. V. S Saketh , Tanja Hinderer , Jan Steinhoff

We study static tidal Love numbers (TLNs) of a static and spherically symmetric black hole for odd-parity metric perturbations. We describe black hole perturbations using the effective field theory (EFT), formulated on an arbitrary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-04 Chams Gharib Ali Barura , Hajime Kobayashi , Shinji Mukohyama , Naritaka Oshita , Kazufumi Takahashi , Vicharit Yingcharoenrat

We match scattering amplitudes in point particle effective field theory (EFT) and general relativity to extract low frequency dynamical tidal responses of rotating (Kerr) black holes to all orders in spin. In the conservative sector, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-03-29 M. V. S. Saketh , Zihan Zhou , Mikhail M. Ivanov

We investigate the frequency-dependent (dynamical) tidal response of regular black holes for the Bardeen, Hayward, and Fan-Wang geometries. Our results are obtained by solving the coupled perturbation equations with appropriate boundary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-27 Arpan Bhattacharyya , Naman Kumar , Shailesh Kumar

The worldline effective field theory (EFT) gives a gauge-invariant definition of black hole conservative tidal responses (Love numbers), dissipation numbers, and their spin-0 and spin-1 analogs. In the first part of this paper we show how…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-03-29 Mikhail M. Ivanov , Zihan Zhou

We develop a framework to compute the tidal response of a Kerr-like compact object in terms of its reflectivity, compactness, and spin, both in the static and the frequency-dependent case. Here we focus on the low-frequency regime, which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-17 Sumanta Chakraborty , Elisa Maggio , Michela Silvestrini , Paolo Pani

We present a framework to compute amplitudes for the gravitational analog of the Raman process, a quasi-elastic scattering of waves off compact objects, in worldline effective field theory (EFT). As an example, we calculate third…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-02-25 Mikhail M. Ivanov , Yue-Zhou Li , Julio Parra-Martinez , Zihan Zhou

We present a framework for systematic computations of scattering amplitudes for gravitational Raman scattering, -- the inelastic scattering of massless fields off compact relativistic objects. We focus on the small-frequency…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-09 Mikhail M. Ivanov , Yue-Zhou Li , Julio Parra-Martinez , Zihan Zhou

We investigate the nonlinear tidal response of relativistic neutron stars by computing the fully relativistic, static, quadratic Love numbers. Using both the worldline effective field theory for extended gravitating bodies and second-order…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-17 Paolo Pani , Massimiliano Maria Riva , Luca Santoni , Nikola Savić , Filippo Vernizzi

Tidal interactions play an important role in many astrophysical systems, but uncertainties regarding the tides of rapidly rotating, centrifugally distorted stars and gaseous planets remain. We have developed a precise method for computing…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-12 Janosz W. Dewberry , Dong Lai

We elaborate on a powerful tidal interaction formalism where the multipole dynamics is kept generic and encoded in a linear response function. This response function is the gravitational counterpart of the atomic spectrum and can become of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-22 Sayan Chakrabarti , Térence Delsate , Jan Steinhoff

Applications of effective field theory (EFT) and scattering amplitudes to gravitational problems have recently produced many unique results that advanced our understanding of the dynamics of compact binaries. Many of these results were made…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-10 Jovan Markovic , Mikhail M. Ivanov

We present a scattering amplitude formalism to study the tidal heating effects of nonspinning neutron stars incorporating both worldline effective field theory and relativistic stellar perturbation theory. In neutron stars, tidal heating…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-09 M. V. S. Saketh , Zihan Zhou , Suprovo Ghosh , Jan Steinhoff , Debarati Chatterjee

The tidal response of compact objects provides a powerful probe of their internal structure and of the surrounding gravitational field. We provide a comprehensive and unified overview of tidal effects in black holes, neutron stars, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-13 Sumanta Chakraborty , Paolo Pani

Dynamical Love numbers capture the conservative response of an object to a time-dependent external tidal gravitational field. We compute the dynamical Love numbers of Schwarzschild black holes in general relativity within a point-particle…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-19 Oscar Combaluzier--Szteinsznaider , Daniel Glazer , Austin Joyce , Maria J. Rodriguez , Luca Santoni

As a possible alternative to black holes, horizonless compact objects have significant implications for gravitational-wave physics. In this work, we utilize the standard linearized theory of general relativity to calculate the quadrupolar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-08 Rui-Xin Yang , Fei Xie , Dao-Jun Liu

We carefully develop the framework required to model the dynamical tidal response of a spinning neutron star in an inspiralling binary system, in the context of Newtonian gravity, making sure to include all relevant details and connections…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-01-05 Pantelis Pnigouras , Fabian Gittins , Amlan Nanda , Nils Andersson , David Ian Jones

Loops of virtual particles from the vacuum of quantum field theory (QFT) render black holes tidally deformable. We compute the static tidal response of unspinning charged black holes at arbitrary radius, using the perturbative formalism…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Sergio Barbosa , Sylvain Fichet , Lucas de Souza

A set of tidal dissipation numbers (TDNs) quantifies the absorption of the tidal force exerted by a companion during an inspiralling phase of a binary compact object. This tidal dissipation generally affects the gravitational waveform, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-28 Hajime Kobayashi , Shinji Mukohyama , Naritaka Oshita , Kazufumi Takahashi , Vicharit Yingcharoenrat
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