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While most of the current synthesis algorithms only focus on correctness-by-construction, ensuring robustness has remained a challenge. Hence, in this paper, we address the robust-by-construction synthesis problem by considering the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Satya Prakash Nayak , Daniel Neider , Martin Zimmermann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising progress for generating Register Transfer Level (RTL) hardware designs, largely because they can rapidly propose alternative architectural realizations. However, single-shot LLM generation…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Shiva Ahir , Prajna Bhat , Alex Doboli

Modern chip design is complex, and there is a crucial need for early-stage prediction of key design-quality metrics like timing and routing congestion directly from Verilog code (a commonly used programming language for hardware design). It…

This paper presents a systematic investigation into the constrained generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in producing Songci, a classical Chinese poetry form characterized by strict structural, tonal, and rhyme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Zhan Qu , Shuzhou Yuan , Michael Färber

Large language models for code generation increasingly rely on synthetic data, where both problem solutions and verification tests are generated by models. While this enables scalable data creation, it introduces a previously unexplored…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Srishti Gureja , Elena Tommasone , Jingyi He , Sara Hooker , Matthias Gallé , Marzieh Fadaee

In this work, we present a new approach to high level synthesis (HLS), where high level functions are first mapped to an architectural template, before hardware synthesis is performed. As FPGA platforms are especially suitable for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Shaoyi Cheng , John Wawrzynek

The rise of agentic AI workflows unlocks novel opportunities for computer systems design and optimization. However, for specialized domains such as program synthesis, the relative scarcity of HDL and proprietary EDA resources online…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Amulya Bhattaram , Janani Ramamoorthy , Ranit Gupta , Diana Marculescu , Dimitrios Stamoulis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proved effective and efficient in generating code, leading to their utilization within the hardware design process. Prior works evaluating LLMs' abilities for register transfer level code generation solely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Matthew DeLorenzo , Vasudev Gohil , Jeyavijayan Rajendran

This study compares state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs) on their tendency to generate vulnerabilities when writing C programs using a neutral zero-shot prompt. Tihanyi et al. introduced the FormAI dataset at PROMISE'23, featuring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Norbert Tihanyi , Tamas Bisztray , Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Ridhi Jain , Lucas C. Cordeiro

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced Verilog code generation significantly, yet face challenges in data quality, reasoning capabilities, and computational efficiency. This paper presents ReasoningV, a novel model employing a hybrid…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Haiyan Qin , Zhiwei Xie , Jingjing Li , Liangchen Li , Xiaotong Feng , Junzhan Liu , Wang Kang

As hardware design complexity escalates, there is an urgent need for advanced automation in electronic design automation (EDA). Traditional register transfer level (RTL) design methods are manual, time-consuming, and prone to errors. While…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Mohammad Akyash , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali

Unit test generation has become a promising and important Large Language Model (LLM) use case. However, existing evaluation benchmarks for LLM unit test generation focus on function- or class-level code (single-file) rather than more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yibo Wang , Congying Xia , Wenting Zhao , Jiangshu Du , Chunyu Miao , Zhongfen Deng , Philip S. Yu , Chen Xing

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in code generation, particularly when augmented with chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting techniques. They break down requirements into intermediate reasoning steps, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Binquan Zhang , Li Zhang , Zhiwen Luo , Yuxin Du , Fang Liu , Song Wang , Lin Shi

Recent advances in code generation have illuminated the potential of employing large language models (LLMs) for general-purpose programming languages such as Python and C++, opening new opportunities for automating software development and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jiahao Gai , Hao Mark Chen , Zhican Wang , Hongyu Zhou , Wanru Zhao , Nicholas Lane , Hongxiang Fan

While automated vulnerability detection techniques have made promising progress in detecting security vulnerabilities, their scalability and applicability remain challenging. The remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Avishree Khare , Saikat Dutta , Ziyang Li , Alaia Solko-Breslin , Rajeev Alur , Mayur Naik

This paper presents insights from evaluating 16 frontier large language models (LLMs) on the WebApp1K benchmark, a test suite designed to assess the ability of LLMs to generate web application code. The results reveal that while all models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Yi Cui

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate capabilities in code generation, potentially boosting developer productivity. However, their adoption remains limited by high computational costs, among other factors. Small Language Models (SLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Débora Souza , Rohit Gheyi , Lucas Albuquerque , Gustavo Soares , Márcio Ribeiro

Context: ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) are widely used across healthcare, business, economics, engineering, and software engineering (SE). Despite their popularity, concerns persist about their reliability, especially their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Vahid Garousi

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in hardware design has taken off in recent years, principally through its incorporation in tools that increase chip designer productivity. There has been considerable discussion about the use of LLMs…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Nicolas Dupuis , Ravi Nair , Shyam Ramji , Sean McClintock , Nishant Chauhan , Priyanka Nagpal , Bart Blaner , Ken Valk , Leon Stok , Ruchir Puri

The automated generation of hardware register-transfer level (RTL) code with large language models (LLMs) shows promise, yet current solutions struggle to produce syntactically and functionally correct code for complex digital designs. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Nowfel Mashnoor , Mohammad Akyash , Hadi Kamali , Kimia Azar