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Despite the significant progress made in code generation with large language models, challenges persist, especially with hardware description languages such as Verilog. This paper first presents an analysis of fine-tuned LLMs on Verilog…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mingjie Liu , Yun-Da Tsai , Wenfei Zhou , Haoxing Ren

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities to generate code, however their ability to develop software for embedded systems, which requires cross-domain knowledge of hardware and software has not been studied. In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Zachary Englhardt , Richard Li , Dilini Nissanka , Zhihan Zhang , Girish Narayanswamy , Joseph Breda , Xin Liu , Shwetak Patel , Vikram Iyer

Providing effective feedback is important for student learning in programming problem-solving. In this sense, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools to automate feedback generation. However, their reliability and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Priscylla Silva , Evandro Costa

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining popularity among software engineers. A crucial aspect of developing effective code generation LLMs is to evaluate these models using a robust benchmark. Evaluation benchmarks with quality issues can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Simantika Dristi , Joy Saha , Joanna C. S. Santos

Benchmarking of open-source LLMs for hardware design focuses on which LLMs to use, while treating inference-time decoding configuration as a secondary concern. This work shows that it matters more how an LLM is configured than which model…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minghao Shao , Zeng Wang , Weimin Fu , Xiaolong Guo , Johann Knechtel , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

How do LLMs compare with symbolic tools on program synthesis tasks? We investigate this question on several synthesis domains: LTL reactive synthesis, syntax-guided synthesis, distributed protocol synthesis, and recursive function…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Derek Egolf , Yuhao Zhou , Stavros Tripakis

LLMs can generate hardware descriptions from natural language specifications, but the resulting Verilog often contains width mismatches, combinational loops, and incomplete case logic that pass syntax checks yet fail in synthesis or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jing Xiong , Qi Han , Chenchen Ding , He Xiao , Zunhai Su , Chaofan Tao , Ngai Wong

LLMs have achieved strong results on both function-level code synthesis and repository-level code modification, yet a capability that falls between these two extremes -- compositional code creation, i.e., building a complete, internally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yeheng Chen , Chaoxiang Xie , Yuling Shi , Wenhao Zeng , Yongpan Wang , Hongyu Zhang , Xiaodong Gu

Logic synthesis is a crucial phase in the circuit design process, responsible for transforming hardware description language (HDL) designs into optimized netlists. However, traditional logic synthesis methods are computationally intensive,…

Large language models (LLMs) excel in program synthesis, yet their capacity for neural architecture design -- balancing syntactic reliability, performance, and structural novelty -- remains underexplored. We present a closed-loop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Waleed Khalid , Dmitry Ignatov , Radu Timofte

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in software development, but their level of software security expertise remains unclear. This work systematically evaluates the security comprehension of five leading LLMs: GPT-4o-Mini,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Natalie Sekerak , Antonio Karam , Maria Leal , Arvin Islam-Gomes , Joanna C. S. Santos

With the unprecedented advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), their application domains have expanded to include code generation tasks across various programming languages. While significant progress has been made in enhancing LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Prashanth Vijayaraghavan , Luyao Shi , Stefano Ambrogio , Charles Mackin , Apoorva Nitsure , David Beymer , Ehsan Degan

The increasing complexity and demand for faster, energy-efficient hardware designs necessitate innovative High-Level Synthesis (HLS) methodologies. This paper explores the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) to streamline or replace…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Yuchao Liao , Tosiron Adegbija , Roman Lysecky

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are widely used in modern hardware design, yet writing Hardware Description Language (HDL) code for FPGA implementation remains a complex and time-consuming task. Large Language Models (LLMs) have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Ce Guo , Tong Zhao

This study examines the performance of today's open-source, locally hosted large-language models (LLMs) in handling complex competitive programming tasks with extended problem descriptions and contexts. Building on the original Framework…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Kadin Matotek , Heather Cassel , Md Amiruzzaman , Linh B. Ngo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated capabilities for producing code in Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). However, most of the focus remains on their abilities to write functional code, not test code. The hardware design…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jason Blocklove , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri , Hammond Pearce

Multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) claim "musical understanding" via evaluations that conflate listening with score reading. We benchmark three SOTA LLMs (Gemini 2.5 Pro, Gemini 2.5 Flash, and Qwen2.5-Omni) across three core music…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Brandon James Carone , Iran R. Roman , Pablo Ripollés

With advances in large language models (LLMs), new opportunities have emerged to develop tools that support the digital hardware design process. In this work, we explore how LLMs can assist with explaining the root cause of design issues…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Siyu Qiu , Muzhi Wang , Raheel Afsharmazayejani , Mohammad Moradi Shahmiri , Benjamin Tan , Hammond Pearce

Due to the increasing complexity of Integrated Circuits (ICs) and System-on-Chip (SoC), developing high-quality synthesis flows within a short market time becomes more challenging. We propose a general approach that precisely estimates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Cunxi Yu , Wang Zhou

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic synthesis compilers (e.g., Vivado, Iverilog, Yosys, and Quartus) are widely applied in Electronic Design Automation (EDA), such as the development of FPGA programs.However, defects (i.e., incorrect…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Zhihao Xu , Shikai Guo , Guilin Zhao , Peiyu Zou , Xiaochen Li , He Jiang