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Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent a sophisticated and persistent cy-bersecurity challenge, characterized by stealthy, multi-phase, and targeted attacks aimed at compromising information systems over an extended period.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Bassam Noori Shaker , Bahaa Al-Musawi , Mohammed Falih Hassan

Third-party agent skills extend LLM-based agents with instruction files and executable code that run on users' machines. Skills execute with user privileges and are distributed through community registries with minimal vetting, but no…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yi Liu , Zhihao Chen , Yanjun Zhang , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Jianting Ning , Ying Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang

Inference attacks have been widely studied and offer a systematic risk assessment of ML services; however, their implementation and the attack parameters for optimal estimation are challenging for non-experts. The emergence of advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yixin Wu , Rui Wen , Chi Cui , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

The increased adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents an opportunity to solve many socio-economic and environmental challenges; however, this cannot happen without securing AI-enabled technologies. In recent years, most AI models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Ayodeji Oseni , Nour Moustafa , Helge Janicke , Peng Liu , Zahir Tari , Athanasios Vasilakos

Recent advances in AI are transforming AI's ubiquitous presence in our world from that of standalone AI-applications into deeply integrated AI-agents. These changes have been driven by agents' increasing capability to autonomously make…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Jose Sanchez Vicarte , Marcin Spoczynski , Mostafa Elsaid

Evidence on AI in software engineering still leans heavily toward individual task completion, while evidence on team-level delivery remains scarce. We report a retrospective longitudinal field study of Chiron, an industrial platform that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Maximiliano Armesto , Christophe Kolb

Training advanced AI models requires large investments in computational resources, or compute. Yet, as hardware innovation reduces the price of compute and algorithmic advances make its use more efficient, the cost of training an AI model…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Konstantin Pilz , Lennart Heim , Nicholas Brown

AI-agent guardrails are memoryless: each message is judged in isolation, so an adversary who spreads a single attack across dozens of sessions slips past every session-bound detector because only the aggregate carries the payload. We make…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Ari Azarafrooz

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) evolve through multiple stages, each exhibiting distinct temporal and structural behaviors. Accurate stage estimation is critical for enabling adaptive cyber defense. This paper presents StageFinder, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Trung V. Phan , Thomas Bauschert

Cybercriminals are rapidly developing new malicious tools that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to enable new classes of adaptive and stealthy attacks. New defensive methods need to be developed to counter these threats. Some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Neil Dhir , Henrique Hoeltgebaum , Niall Adams , Mark Briers , Anthony Burke , Paul Jones

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) plays a crucial role in assessing risks and enhancing security for organizations. However, the process of extracting relevant information from unstructured text sources can be expensive and time-consuming.…

Recent progress in AI capabilities has heightened concerns that AI systems could pose a threat to national security, for example, by making it easier for malicious actors to perform cyberattacks on critical national infrastructure, or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Alejandro Ortega

METR's time horizon metric has grown exponentially since 2019, along with compute. However, it is unclear whether compute scaling will persist at current rates through 2030, raising the question of how possible compute slowdowns might…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Parker Whitfill , Ben Snodin , Joel Becker

Many promising-looking ideas in AI research fail to deliver, but their validation takes substantial human labor and compute. Predicting an idea's chance of success is thus crucial for accelerating empirical AI research, a skill that even…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiaxin Wen , Chenglei Si , Yueh-han Chen , He He , Shi Feng

Frontier AI companies first deploy their most advanced models internally, for weeks or months of safety testing, evaluation, and iteration, before a possible public release. For example, Anthropic recently developed a new class of model…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Oscar Delaney , Sambhav Maheshwari , Joe O'Brien , Theo Bearman , Oliver Guest

Artificial intelligence systems are now deployed at scale across sectors, accompanied by a growing number of real-world incidents ranging from misinformation and cybercrime to autonomous-system failures. Databases of AI incidents index…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Sophia Abraham , Taiye Chen , Cyril Chhun , Giovanna Jaramillo-Gutierrez , Simon Mylius , Sayash Raaj , Peter Slattery , Sean McGregor

AI agents execute complex multi-step processes, but current evaluation falls short: outcome metrics report success or failure without explaining why, and process-level approaches struggle to connect failure types to their precise locations…

We evaluate artificial intelligence (AI) systems without ground truth by exploiting a link between strategic gaming and information loss. Building on established information theory, we analyze which mechanisms resist adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Zachary Robertson , Sanmi Koyejo

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have become widely used for enhancing large language model capabilities, but they introduce significant security vulnerabilities through prompt injection attacks. We present a comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Badrinath Ramakrishnan , Akshaya Balaji

Recent advances in AI-assisted programming have empowered agents to execute complex workflows via command-line interfaces, however, existing benchmarks are limited by short task horizons, data contamination from GitHub scraping, and a lack…