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Autonomous Driving (AD) systems demand the high levels of safety assurance. Despite significant advancements in AD demonstrated on open-source benchmarks like Longest6 and Bench2Drive, existing datasets still lack regulatory-compliant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jingzheng Li , Tiancheng Wang , Xingyu Peng , Jiacheng Chen , Zhijun Chen , Bing Li , Xianglong Liu

Testing and evaluation is a critical step in the development and deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), and yet there is no systematic framework to generate testing scenario library. This study aims to provide a general…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Shuo Feng , Yiheng Feng , Chunhui Yu , Yi Zhang , Henry X. Liu

The validation of autonomous driving systems benefits greatly from the ability to generate scenarios that are both realistic and precisely controllable. Conventional approaches, such as real-world test drives, are not only expensive but…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yizhuo Xiao , Mustafa Suphi Erden , Cheng Wang

Software safety is a crucial aspect during the development of modern safety-critical systems. Software is becoming responsible for most of the critical functions of systems. Therefore, the software components in the systems need to be…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-12 Asim Abdulkhaleq , Stefan Wagner

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) increasingly rely on learning-based perception, yet safety-relevant failures often arise without component malfunction, driven instead by partial observability and semantic ambiguity in how risk is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jean Douglas Carvalho , Hugo Taciro Kenji , Ahmad Mohammad Saber , Glaucia Melo , Max Mauro Dias Santos , Deepa Kundur

Real-world crash reports, which combine textual summaries and sketches, are valuable for scenario-based testing of autonomous driving systems (ADS). However, current methods cannot effectively translate this multimodal data into precise,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Fida Khandaker Safa , Yupeng Jiang , Xi Zheng

With the rapid progress of LLMs, high quality generative text has become widely available as a cover for text steganography. However, prevailing methods rely on hand-crafted or pre-specified strategies and struggle to balance efficiency,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Jiuan Zhou , Yu Cheng , Yuan Xie , Zhaoxia Yin

Scenario generation is one of the essential steps in scenario-based testing and, therefore, a significant part of the verification and validation of driver assistance functions and autonomous driving systems. However, the term scenario…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Barbara Schütt , Joshua Ransiek , Thilo Braun , Eric Sax

While automated driving technology has achieved a tremendous progress, the scalable and rigorous testing and verification of safe automated and autonomous driving vehicles remain challenging. This paper proposes a learning-based…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Andrea Favrin , Vladislav Nenchev , Angelo Cenedese

Deploying autonomous vision systems on edge devices faces a critical challenge: resource constraints prevent real-time and predictable execution of comprehensive safety tests. Existing validation methods depend on static datasets or manual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Faezeh Pasandideh , Achim Rettberg

Recent incidents with autonomous vehicles highlight the need for rigorous testing to ensure safety and robustness. Constructing test scenarios for autonomous driving systems (ADSs), however, is labor-intensive. We propose TARGET, an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yao Deng , Jiaohong Yao , Zhi Tu , Xi Zheng , Mengshi Zhang , Tianyi Zhang

Generating safety-critical scenarios in high-fidelity simulations offers a promising and cost-effective approach for efficient testing of autonomous vehicles. Existing methods typically rely on manipulating a single vehicle's trajectory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jiawei Wang , Xintao Yan , Yao Mu , Haowei Sun , Zhong Cao , Henry X. Liu

The automotive industry is experiencing a transition from assisted to highly automated driving. New concepts for validation of Automated Driving System (ADS) include amongst other a shift from a "technology based" approach to a "scenario…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Ilona Cieslik , Víctor J. Expósito Jiménez , Helmut Martin , Heiko Scharke , Hannes Schneider

The generation of corner cases has become increasingly crucial for efficiently testing autonomous vehicles prior to road deployment. However, existing methods struggle to accommodate diverse testing requirements and often lack the ability…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Qiujing Lu , Xuanhan Wang , Yiwei Jiang , Guangming Zhao , Mingyue Ma , Shuo Feng

Autonomous vehicle (AV) planners must undergo rigorous evaluation before widespread deployment on public roads, particularly to assess their robustness against the uncertainty of human behaviors. While recent advancements in data-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Augusto Mondelli , Yueshan Li , Alessandro Zanardi , Emilio Frazzoli

Imitation learning is a promising approach to end-to-end training of autonomous vehicle controllers. Typically the driving process with such approaches is entirely automatic and black-box, although in practice it is desirable to control the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Renhao Wang , Adam Scibior , Frank Wood

The SOTIF standard (ISO 21448) requires scenario-based testing to verify and validate Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Automated Driving Systems but does not suggest any practical way to do so effectively and efficiently. Existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Lukas Birkemeyer , Julian Fuchs , Alessio Gambi , Ina Schaefer

There is an increasing necessity to deploy autonomous systems in highly heterogeneous, dynamic environments, e.g. service robots in hospitals or autonomous cars on highways. Due to the uncertainty in these environments, the verification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-16 Adina Aniculaesei , Daniel Arnsberger , Falk Howar , Andreas Rausch

Autonomous vehicles (AV) depend on the sensors like RADAR and camera for the perception of the environment, path planning, and control. With the increasing autonomy and interactions with the complex environment, there have been growing…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Abu Hasnat Mohammad Rubaiyat , Yongming Qin , Homa Alemzadeh

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) aim to improve traffic safety and efficiency by reducing human error. However, ensuring AVs reliability and safety is a challenging task when rare, high-risk traffic scenarios are considered. These 'Corner Cases'…

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