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We present HyperLogLogLog, a practical compression of the HyperLogLog sketch that compresses the sketch from $O(m\log\log n)$ bits down to $m \log_2\log_2\log_2 m + O(m+\log\log n)$ bits for estimating the number of distinct elements~$n$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Matti Karppa , Rasmus Pagh

MinHash and HyperLogLog are sketching algorithms that have become indispensable for set summaries in big data applications. While HyperLogLog allows counting different elements with very little space, MinHash is suitable for the fast…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Otmar Ertl

Cardinality estimation - calculating the number of distinct elements in a stream - is a longstanding problem with applications from networking to bioinformatics. HyperLogLog (HLL), the prevailing standard, has a well-known error spike in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Brian Bushnell

Cardinality estimation is the task of approximating the number of distinct elements in a large dataset with possibly repeating elements. LogLog and HyperLogLog (c.f. Durand and Flajolet [ESA 2003], Flajolet et al. [Discrete Math Theor.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Aleksander Łukasiewicz , Przemysław Uznański

Cardinality estimation is perhaps the simplest non-trivial statistical problem that can be solved via sketching. Industrially-deployed sketches like HyperLogLog, MinHash, and PCSA are mergeable, which means that large data sets can be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Seth Pettie , Dingyu Wang , Longhui Yin

This work presents new cardinality estimation methods for data sets recorded by HyperLogLog sketches. A simple derivation of the original estimator was found, that also gives insight how to correct its deficiencies. The result is an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-06-23 Otmar Ertl

We discuss the problem of counting distinct elements in a stream. A stream is usually considered as a sequence of elements that come one at a time. An exact solution to the problem requires memory space of the size of the stream. For many…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Tal Ohayon

Sketch-based streaming algorithms allow efficient processing of big data. These algorithms use small fixed-size storage to store a summary ("sketch") of the input data, and use probabilistic algorithms to estimate the desired quantity.…

Databases · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Reuven Cohen , Liran Katzir , Aviv Yehezkel

We describe a new cardinality estimation algorithm that is extremely space-efficient. It applies one of three novel estimators to the compressed state of the Flajolet-Martin-85 coupon collection process. In an apples-to-apples empirical…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-08-24 Kevin J Lang

In this extended abstract, we describe and analyze a lossy compression of MinHash from buckets of size $O(\log n)$ to buckets of size $O(\log\log n)$ by encoding using floating-point notation. This new compressed sketch, which we call…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Yun William Yu , Griffin M. Weber

Estimating cardinality, i.e., the number of distinct elements, of a data stream is a fundamental problem in areas like databases, computer networks, and information retrieval. This study delves into a broader scenario where each element…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yiyan Qi , Rundong Li , Pinghui Wang , Yufang Sun , Rui Xing

Cardinality sketches are popular data structures that enhance the efficiency of working with large data sets. The sketches are randomized representations of sets that are only of logarithmic size but can support set merges and approximate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Sara Ahmadian , Edith Cohen

Join ordering is a key factor in query performance, yet traditional cost-based optimizers often produce sub-optimal plans due to inaccurate cardinality estimates in multi-predicate, multi-join queries. Existing alternatives such as…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-26 David Justen , Matthias Boehm

Frequency estimation data structures such as the count-min sketch (CMS) have found numerous applications in databases, networking, computational biology and other domains. Many applications that use the count-min sketch process massive and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Mayank Goswami , Dzejla Medjedovic , Emina Mekic , Prashant Pandey

Data sketches are a set of widely used approximated data summarizing techniques. Their fundamental property is sub-linear memory complexity on the input cardinality, an important aspect when processing streams or data sets with a vast base…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Amit Kulkarni , Monica Chiosa , Thomas B. Preußer , Kaan Kara , David Sidler , Gustavo Alonso

This paper presents new methods to estimate the cardinalities of data sets recorded by HyperLogLog sketches. A theoretically motivated extension to the original estimator is presented that eliminates the bias for small and large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Otmar Ertl

Large, distributed data streams are now ubiquitous. High-accuracy sketches with low memory overhead have become the de facto method for analyzing this data. For instance, if we wish to group data by some label and report the largest counts…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Homin K. Lee , Charles Masson

Estimating set similarity and detecting highly similar sets are fundamental problems in areas such as databases, machine learning, and information retrieval. MinHash is a well-known technique for approximating Jaccard similarity of sets and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Pinghui Wang , Yiyan Qi , Yuanming Zhang , Qiaozhu Zhai , Chenxu Wang , John C. S. Lui , Xiaohong Guan

Sketching is a randomized dimensionality-reduction method that aims to preserve relevant information in large-scale datasets. Count sketch is a simple popular sketch which uses a randomized hash function to achieve compression. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-05 Yang Shi , Animashree Anandkumar

HDBSCAN*, a state-of-the-art density-based hierarchical clustering method, produces a hierarchical organization of clusters in a dataset w.r.t. a parameter mpts. While the performance of HDBSCAN* is robust w.r.t. mpts in the sense that a…

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