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Recent visible-wavelength observations of Europa's surface obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the presence of an absorption feature near 450 nm that appears spatially correlated with leading-hemisphere chaos terrain. This…

Europa, Jupiter's second Galilean moon, is believed to host a subsurface ocean in contact with a rocky mantle, where hydrothermal activity may drive the synthesis of organic molecules. Of these molecules, abiotic synthesis of aromatic amino…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-29 Gideon Yoffe , Keren Duer , Tom Andre Nordheim , Itay Halevy , Yohai Kaspi

We study the evolution of the Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of salty granular ice analog samples in a simulation chamber under conditions relevant to the surface of Europa. A novel application and custom calibration of a thermopile sensor…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-19 Rafael Ottersberg , Antoine Pommerol , Linus Leo Stöckli , Lorenzo Obersnel , André Galli , Axel Murk , Peter Wurz , Nicolas Thomas

Observations of Europa's leading hemisphere reveal elevated H2O2 in the warmer, low latitude chaos terrains compared to the colder, polar regions. This distribution disagrees with prior laboratory radiolysis studies of pure water ice, which…

Io's intense volcanic activity results in one of the most colorful surfaces in the solar system. Ultraviolet and visible-wavelength observations of Io are critical to uncovering the chemistry behind its volcanic hues. Here, we present…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-20 Samantha K. Trumbo , M. Ryleigh Davis , Benjamin Cassese , Michael E. Brown

The early prediction and subsequent detection of an O$_2$ atmosphere on Europa, coupled with the discovery that Europa has an ocean under its ice mantle, has made this moon a prime astrobiologic target, soon to be visited by the JUICE and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-02-27 Robert E. Johnson , Apurva V. Oza , Francois Leblanc , Carl Schmidt , Tom A. Nordheim

In this paper, we look at space weathering processes on the icy surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. The heavy energetic ions of the Jovian plasma (H+, O+, S+, C+) can erode the surface of Europa via ion sputtering (IS), ejecting up to 1000…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 C. Plainaki , A. Milillo , A. Mura , S. Orsini , T. Cassidy

JWST NIRSpec IFU (2.9-5.3 mu) and MIRI MRS (4.9-28.5 mu) observations were performed on both the leading and trailing hemispheres of Ganymede with a spectral resolution of ~2700. Reflectance spectra show signatures of water ice, CO2 and…

Jupiter's icy moons are believed to host subsurface liquid oceans, and among them, Europa stands out as one of the most promising candidates for extraterrestrial life. Yet, the processes driving oceanic flows beneath its ice shell, as well…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-16 Florentin Daniel , Ludovic Petitdemange , Christophe Gissinger

Hydrogen peroxide is part of an important radiolytic cycle on Europa and may be a critical source of oxidants to the putative subsurface ocean. The surface geographic distribution of hydrogen peroxide may constrain the processes governing…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-09-04 Samantha K. Trumbo , Michael E. Brown , Kevin P. Hand

We present a comprehensive analysis of spatially resolved moderate spectral resolution near infrared spectra obtained with the adaptive optics system at the Keck Observatory. We identify three compositionally distinct end member regions:…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-11-11 Patrick D. Fischer , Michael E. Brown , Kevin P. Hand

We present mid-infrared SOFIA/EXES spectroscopy of Europa, seeking direct evidence of the presence of water vapor arising from plumes venting from the surface of Europa. We place quantitatively useful upper limits on the strength of water…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-30 William Sparks , M. Richter , C. deWitt , E. Montiel , N. Dello Russo , J. Grunsfeld , M. A. McGrath , H. Weaver , K. P. Hand , E. Bergeron , W. Reach

Evidence for plumes of water on Europa has previously been found using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) using two different observing techniques. Roth et al. (2014) found line emission from the dissociation products of water. Sparks et al.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-10 William B. Sparks , Britney E. Schmidt , Melissa A. McGrath , Kevin P. Hand , John R. Spencer , Misty Cracraft , Susana E. Deustua

Water vapor geysers on Europa have been inferred from observations made by the Galileo spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Keck Observatory. Unlike the water-rich geysers observed on Enceladus, Europa's geysers appear to be an…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-01 Nicole C. Shibley , Gregory Laughlin

We present the results of experiments probing the retention of CO2 in crystalline water ice, frozen sodium chloride (NaCl) brines, and flash-frozen carbonated water using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Characteristic absorptions…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-13 Swaroop Chandra , William T. P. Denman , Michael E. Brown

Europa's tenuous atmosphere results from sputtering of the surface. The trace element composition of its atmosphere is therefore related to the composition of Europa's surface. Magnesium salts are often invoked to explain Galileo Near…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-12-23 Sarah M. Horst , Michael E. Brown

The presence of NH$_3$-bearing components on icy planetary bodies has important implications for their geology and potential habitability. Here, I report the detection of a characteristic NH$_3$ absorption feature at 2.20 $\pm$ 0.02 $\mu$m…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-06 A. Emran

The surfaces of icy moons are primarily composed of water ice that can be mixed with other compounds, such as carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide (CO$_2)$ stretching fundamental band observed on Europa and Ganymede appears to be a…

The polarimetry of the light scattered by planetary surfaces is a powerful tool to provide constraints on their microstructure. To improve the interpretation of polarimetric data from icy surfaces, we have developed the POLarimeter for ICE…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-09-25 Olivier Poch , Romain Cerubini , Antoine Pommerol , Bernhard Jost , Nicolas Thomas

Recent infrared observations at 1.5-4.0 $\mu m$ using large ground-based telescopes have suggested that Cl-bearing salts are likely present on Europa's surface as non-ice materials. The chemical compositions of those Cl-bearing salts are…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-18 Shuya Tan , Yasuhito Sekine , Masayuki Kuzuhara