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Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-23 Asim H. Gazi , Yongyi Guo , Daiqi Gao , Ziping Xu , Kelly W. Zhang , Susan A. Murphy

Developing autonomous LLM agents capable of making a series of intelligent decisions to solve complex, real-world tasks is a fast-evolving frontier. Like human cognitive development, agents are expected to acquire knowledge and skills…

In an era of countless content offerings, recommender systems alleviate information overload by providing users with personalized content suggestions. Due to the scarcity of explicit user feedback, modern recommender systems typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Jessica Maghakian , Paul Mineiro , Kishan Panaganti , Mark Rucker , Akanksha Saran , Cheng Tan

Autonomous vehicles inevitably encounter a vast array of scenarios in real-world environments. Addressing long-tail scenarios, particularly those involving intensive interactions with numerous traffic participants, remains one of the most…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Guanzhou Li , Jianping Wu , Yujing He

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework to optimize a control policy using rewards that are revealed by the system as a response to a control action. In its standard form, RL involves a single agent that uses its policy to accomplish a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Juan Cervino , Juan Andres Bazerque , Miguel Calvo-Fullana , Alejandro Ribeiro

Training large language models (LLMs) as interactive agents presents unique challenges including long-horizon decision making and interacting with stochastic environment feedback. While reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled progress in…

We present AutoResearch-RL, a framework in which a reinforcement learning agent conducts open-ended neural architecture and hyperparameter research without human supervision, running perpetually until a termination oracle signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Nilesh Jain , Rohit Yadav , Sagar Kotian , Claude AI

Random exploration is one of the main mechanisms through which reinforcement learning (RL) finds well-performing policies. However, it can lead to undesirable or catastrophic outcomes when learning online in safety-critical environments. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Djordje Grbic , Sebastian Risi

As large language model (LLM) agents evolve from isolated tool users into coordinated teams, reinforcement learning (RL) must optimize not only individual actions but also how work is spawned, delegated, communicated, aggregated, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Chenchen Zhang

Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zhicong Li , Lingjie Jiang , Yulan Hu , Xingchen Zeng , Yixia Li , Xiangwen Zhang , Guanhua Chen , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu

Conversational AI has made significant progress, yet generating expressive and controllable text-to-speech (TTS) remains challenging. Specifically, controlling fine-grained voice styles and emotions is notoriously difficult and typically…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Zhicheng Ouyang , Seong-Gyun Leem , Bach Viet Do , Haibin Wu , Ariya Rastrow , Yuzong Liu , Florian Metze

As a key component to intuitive cognition and reasoning solutions in human intelligence, causal knowledge provides great potential for reinforcement learning (RL) agents' interpretability towards decision-making by helping reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ruichu Cai , Siyang Huang , Jie Qiao , Wei Chen , Yan Zeng , Keli Zhang , Fuchun Sun , Yang Yu , Zhifeng Hao

Test-Time Learning (TTL) enables language agents to iteratively refine their performance through repeated interactions with the environment at inference time. At the core of TTL is an adaptation policy that updates the actor policy based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zhanzhi Lou , Hui Chen , Yibo Li , Qian Wang , Bryan Hooi

Recent progress on large language models (LLMs) has enabled dialogue agents to generate highly naturalistic and plausible text. However, current LLM language generation focuses on responding accurately to questions and requests with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Joey Hong , Jessica Lin , Anca Dragan , Sergey Levine

Leveraging multiple large language models (LLMs) to build collaborative multi-agentic workflows has demonstrated significant potential. However, most previous studies focus on prompting the out-of-the-box LLMs, relying on their innate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chanwoo Park , Seungju Han , Xingzhi Guo , Asuman Ozdaglar , Kaiqing Zhang , Joo-Kyung Kim

One of the final frontiers in the development of complex human - AI collaborative systems is the ability of AI agents to comprehend the natural language and perform tasks accordingly. However, training efficient Reinforcement Learning (RL)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Chaitanya Kharyal , Sai Krishna Gottipati , Tanmay Kumar Sinha , Srijita Das , Matthew E. Taylor

Reinforcement learning (RL), a common tool in decision making, learns control policies from various experiences based on the associated cumulative return/rewards without treating them differently. Humans, on the contrary, often learn to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mingkang Wu , Devin White , Vernon Lawhern , Nicholas R. Waytowich , Yongcan Cao

Multi-agent settings are quickly gathering importance in machine learning. This includes a plethora of recent work on deep multi-agent reinforcement learning, but also can be extended to hierarchical RL, generative adversarial networks and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-21 Jakob N. Foerster , Richard Y. Chen , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Shimon Whiteson , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. In particular, recent LLMs such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 can engage in fluent conversations with users after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jonathan D. Chang , Kiante Brantley , Rajkumar Ramamurthy , Dipendra Misra , Wen Sun

This paper introduces a decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning framework enabling structurally heterogeneous teams of agents to jointly discover and acquire randomly located targets in environments characterized by partial…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Gabriele Calzolari , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos
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