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Large language models (LLMs) have shown amazing capabilities in knowledge memorization and the present. However, when it comes to domain-specific knowledge and downstream tasks like medical, general LLMs are often unable to give precise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Maojun Sun

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models through conditional computation, but inference becomes memory-bound once expert weights exceed the capacity of GPU memory. In this case, weights must be offloaded to external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Zehao Fan , Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Yayue Hou , Hadjer Benmeziane , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Liu Liu

Deep learning recommendation models (DLRMs) are widely used in industry, and their memory capacity requirements reach the terabyte scale. Tiered memory architectures provide a cost-effective solution but introduce challenges in…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Jie Ren , Bin Ma , Shuangyan Yang , Benjamin Francis , Ehsan K. Ardestani , Min Si , Dong Li

Large language models (LLMs) with different architectures and sizes have been developed. Serving each LLM with dedicated GPUs leads to resource waste and service inefficiency due to the varying demand of LLM requests. A common practice is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yihao Zhao , Jiadun Chen , Peng Sun , Lei Li , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied in various applications due to their astonishing capabilities. With advancements in technologies such as chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting and in-context learning (ICL), the prompts fed to LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit excellent performance in various tasks. However, the memory requirements of LLMs present a great challenge when deploying on memory-limited devices, even for quantized LLMs. This paper introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Weilan Wang , Yu Mao , Dongdong Tang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Prompt optimization is essential for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in a range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, particularly in scenarios of few-shot learning where training examples are incorporated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Dai Do , Quan Tran , Svetha Venkatesh , Hung Le

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unprecedented success across various applications, but their substantial memory requirements pose significant challenges to current memory system designs, especially during inference. Our work…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zhongchun Zhou , Chengtao Lai , Wei Zhang

We present a new data structure called the \emph{Compressed Random Access Memory} (CRAM) that can store a dynamic string $T$ of characters, e.g., representing the memory of a computer, in compressed form while achieving asymptotically…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Jesper Jansson , Kunihiko Sadakane , Wing-Kin Sung

Despite advances in multilingual capabilities, most large language models (LLMs) remain English-centric in their training and, crucially, in their production of reasoning traces. Even when tasked with non-English problems, these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Daniil Gurgurov , Tom Röhr , Sebastian von Rohrscheidt , Josef van Genabith , Alexander Löser , Simon Ostermann

The recently released persistent memory (PM) offers high performance, persistence, and is cheaper than DRAM. This opens up new possibilities for indexes that operate and persist data directly on the memory bus. Recent learned indexes…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Baotong Lu , Jialin Ding , Eric Lo , Umar Farooq Minhas , Tianzheng Wang

Efficient and stable training of large language models (LLMs) remains a core challenge in modern machine learning systems. To address this challenge, Reparameterized Orthogonal Equivalence Training (POET), a spectrum-preserving framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Zeju Qiu , Lixin Liu , Adrian Weller , Han Shi , Weiyang Liu

The advent of Compute Express Link (CXL) enables SSDs to participate in the memory hierarchy as large-capacity, byte-addressable memory devices. These CXL-enabled SSDs (CXL-SSDs) offer a promising new tier between DRAM and traditional…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Hyunsun Chung , Junhyeok Park , Taewan Noh , Seonghoon Ahn , Kihwan Kim , Ming Zhao , Youngjae Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human language, but efficient inference on resource-constrained embedded devices remains challenging due to large model sizes and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Weihong Xu , Haein Choi , Po-kai Hsu , Shimeng Yu , Tajana Rosing

The paper introduces ExKG-LLM, a framework designed to automate the expansion of cognitive neuroscience knowledge graphs (CNKG) using large language models (LLMs). It addresses limitations in existing tools by enhancing accuracy,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Ali Sarabadani , Kheirolah Rahsepar Fard , Hamid Dalvand

Continual Semantic Parsing (CSP) aims to train parsers to convert natural language questions into SQL across tasks with limited annotated examples, adapting to the real-world scenario of dynamically updated databases. Previous studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Ruiheng Liu , Jinyu Zhang , Yanqi Song , Yu Zhang , Bailong Yang

Large language models (LLM) have recently attracted significant attention in the field of artificial intelligence. However, the training process of these models poses significant challenges in terms of computational and storage capacities,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Wenshuo Li , Xinghao Chen , Han Shu , Yehui Tang , Yunhe Wang

Memory plays a central role in enabling large language models (LLMs) to operate over sequential tasks by accumulating and reusing experience over time. However, existing evaluations of LLM memory mostly rely on aggregate metrics such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Songwei Dong , Zihan Chen , Chengshuai Shi , Peng Wang , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

Custom memory organization are challenging task in the area of VLSI design. This study aims to design high speed and low power consumption memory for embedded system. Synchronous SRAM has been proposed and analyzed using various simulators.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2014-06-19 Ravi Khatwal , Manoj Kumar Jain

Large language models (LLMs) hold tremendous potential for addressing numerous real-world challenges, yet they typically demand significant computational resources and memory. Deploying LLMs onto a resource-limited hardware device with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Pujiang He , Shan Zhou , Changqing Li , Wenhuan Huang , Weifei Yu , Duyi Wang , Chen Meng , Sheng Gui