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The growing awareness of safety concerns in large language models (LLMs) has sparked considerable interest in the evaluation of safety. This study investigates an under-explored issue about the evaluation of LLMs, namely the substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yixu Wang , Yan Teng , Kexin Huang , Chengqi Lyu , Songyang Zhang , Wenwei Zhang , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang , Yu Qiao , Yingchun Wang

Large language models exhibit safety degradation in non-English languages. Standard evaluation relies on Jailbreak Success Rate (JSR), which confounds several safety-driving factors into one, obscuring the specific cause(s) of safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Max Zhang , Ameen Patel , Sang T. Truong , Sanmi Koyejo

Recent breakthroughs in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to their adoption across a wide range of tasks, ranging from code generation to machine translation and sentiment analysis, etc. Red teaming/Safety alignment efforts show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Essa Jan , Nouar AlDahoul , Moiz Ali , Faizan Ahmad , Fareed Zaffar , Yasir Zaki

Embedded Systems (ES) development has been historically focused on functionality rather than security, and today it still applies in many sectors and applications. However, there is an increasing number of security threats over ES, and a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Ángel Longueira-Romero , Rosa Iglesias , David Gonzalez , Iñaki Garitano

Multimodal Large Language Models are increasingly adopted as autonomous agents in interactive environments, yet their ability to proactively address safety hazards remains insufficient. We introduce SafetyALFRED, built upon the embodied…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Josue Torres-Fonseca , Naihao Deng , Yinpei Dai , Shane Storks , Yichi Zhang , Rada Mihalcea , Casey Kennington , Joyce Chai

As Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) become an indispensable assistant in human life, the unsafe content generated by MLLMs poses a danger to human behavior, perpetually overhanging human society like a sword of Damocles. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xinyue Lou , Jinan Xu , Jingyi Yin , Xiaolong Wang , Zhaolu Kang , Youwei Liao , Yixuan Wang , Xiangyu Shi , Fengran Mo , Su Yao , Kaiyu Huang

Modern coding scaffolds turn LLMs into capable software agents, but their ability to follow scaffold-specified instructions remains under-examined, especially when constraints are heterogeneous and persist across interactions. To fill this…

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced the development of personalized learning in education. However, their inherent generation mechanisms often produce homogeneous responses to identical prompts. This one-size-fits-all mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Rui Jia , Ruiyi Lan , Fengrui Liu , Zhongxiang Dai , Bo Jiang , Jing Shao , Jingyuan Chen , Guandong Xu , Fei Wu , Min Zhang

Studying the robustness of Large Language Models (LLMs) to unsafe behaviors is an important topic of research today. Building safety classification models or guard models, which are fine-tuned models for input/output safety classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Sowmya Vajjala

Supporting learners during Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS) is a necessity. Existing studies have compared scaffolds with maximal and minimal instructional support by studying their effects on learning and behaviour. However, our…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Kester Wong , Feng Shihui , Sahan Bulathwela , Mutlu Cukurova

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly vulnerable to a sophisticated form of adversarial prompting known as camouflaged jailbreaking. This method embeds malicious intent within seemingly benign language to evade existing safety…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Youjia Zheng , Mohammad Zandsalimy , Shanu Sushmita

Fine-tuning a general-purpose large language model (LLM) for a specific domain or task has become a routine procedure for ordinary users. However, fine-tuning is known to remove the safety alignment features of the model, even when the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kathleen C. Fraser , Hillary Dawkins , Isar Nejadgholi , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are rapidly evolving, demonstrating impressive capabilities as multimodal assistants that interact with both humans and their environments. However, this increased sophistication introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Kaiwen Zhou , Chengzhi Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Anderson Compalas , Dawn Song , Xin Eric Wang

Embodied agents can identify and report safety hazards in the home environments. Accurately evaluating their capabilities in home safety inspection tasks is curcial, but existing benchmarks suffer from two key limitations. First, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Siyuan Gao , Jiashu Yao , Haoyu Wen , Yuhang Guo , Zeming Liu , Heyan Huang

Large language models are increasingly used as planners for robotic systems, yet how safely they plan remains an open question. To evaluate safe planning systematically, we introduce DESPITE, a benchmark of 12,279 tasks spanning physical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tao Zhang , Kaixian Qu , Zhibin Li , Jiajun Wu , Marco Hutter , Manling Li , Fan Shi

Reading comprehension presents a significant challenge for children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND), often requiring intensive one-on-one reading support. To assist therapists in scaling this support, we developed a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Soufiane Jhilal , Martina Galletti

The rapid advancement of vision-language models (VLMs) has brought a lot of attention to their safety alignment. However, existing methods have primarily focused on model undersafety, where the model responds to hazardous queries, while…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jiahui Geng , Qing Li , Zongxiong Chen , Yuxia Wang , Derui Zhu , Zhuohan Xie , Chenyang Lyu , Xiuying Chen , Preslav Nakov , Fakhri Karray

Learning-based quadruped controllers achieve impressive agility but typically lack formal safety guarantees under model uncertainty, perception noise, and unstructured contact conditions. We introduce SafeMind, a differentiable stochastic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zukun Zhang , Kai Shu , Mingqiao Mo

With the increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) in critical autonomous systems, runtime monitors have been developed to detect prediction errors and keep the system in a safe state during operations. Monitors have been proposed for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Joris Guerin , Raul Sena Ferreira , Kevin Delmas , Jérémie Guiochet

Trip hazards are a significant contributor to accidents on construction and manufacturing sites, where over a third of Australian workplace injuries occur [1]. Current safety inspections are labour intensive and limited by human…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Sean McMahon , Niko Sünderhauf , Ben Upcroft , Michael Milford