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Reasoning and linguistic skills form the cornerstone of human intelligence, facilitating problem-solving and decision-making. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to impressive linguistic capabilities and emergent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Gaurav Arora , Srujana Merugu , Shreya Jain , Vaibhav Saxena

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

A recent line of work in NLP focuses on the (dis)ability of models to generalise compositionally for artificial languages. However, when considering natural language tasks, the data involved is not strictly, or locally, compositional.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Verna Dankers , Ivan Titov

The zero-shot capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled highly flexible, reference-free metrics for various tasks, making LLM evaluators common tools in NLP. However, the robustness of these LLM evaluators remains relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Rickard Stureborg , Dimitris Alikaniotis , Yoshi Suhara

There have been a huge number of benchmarks proposed to evaluate how large language models (LLMs) behave for logic inference tasks. However, it remains an open question how to properly evaluate this ability. In this paper, we provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Shi Zong , Jimmy Lin

Background: Mentalization integrates cognitive, affective, and intersubjective components. Large Language Models (LLMs) display an increasing ability to generate reflective texts, raising questions regarding the relationship between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Stefano Epifani , Giuliano Castigliego , Laura Kecskemeti , Giuliano Razzicchia , Elisabeth Seiwald-Sonderegger

NLP models have progressed drastically in recent years, according to numerous datasets proposed to evaluate performance. Questions remain, however, about how particular dataset design choices may impact the conclusions we draw about model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Kaiser Sun , Adina Williams , Dieuwke Hupkes

Large language models (LLMs), particularly when integrated into agentic systems, have demonstrated human- and even superhuman-level performance across multiple domains. Whether these systems can truly be considered creative, however,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Giorgio Franceschelli , Mirco Musolesi

Analogical reasoning is a core cognitive faculty essential for narrative understanding. While LLMs perform well when surface and structural cues align, they struggle in cases where an analogy is not apparent on the surface but requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Hope McGovern , Caroline Craig , Thomas Lippincott , Hale Sirin

Large language models (LLMs) are the foundation of many AI applications today. However, despite their remarkable proficiency in generating coherent text, questions linger regarding their ability to perform fine-grained linguistic annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Jiali Cheng , Hadi Amiri

Interpretability research aims to bridge the gap between empirical success and our scientific understanding of the inner workings of large language models (LLMs). However, most existing research focuses on analyzing a single mechanism, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Francesco Ortu , Zhijing Jin , Diego Doimo , Mrinmaya Sachan , Alberto Cazzaniga , Bernhard Schölkopf

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional instruct-following ability to complete various downstream tasks. Although this impressive ability makes LLMs flexible task solvers, their performance in solving tasks also heavily relies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Pengwei Zhan , Zhen Xu , Qian Tan , Jie Song , Ru Xie

Across languages, numeral systems vary widely in how they construct and combine numbers. While humans consistently learn to navigate this diversity, large language models (LLMs) struggle with linguistic-mathematical puzzles involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Antara Raaghavi Bhattacharya , Isabel Papadimitriou , Kathryn Davidson , David Alvarez-Melis

Comparative constructions pose a challenge in Natural Language Inference (NLI), which is the task of determining whether a text entails a hypothesis. Comparatives are structurally complex in that they interact with other linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Izumi Haruta , Koji Mineshima , Daisuke Bekki

Medical large language models (LLMs) research often makes bold claims, from encoding clinical knowledge to reasoning like a physician. These claims are usually backed by evaluation on competitive benchmarks; a tradition inherited from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Ahmed Alaa , Thomas Hartvigsen , Niloufar Golchini , Shiladitya Dutta , Frances Dean , Inioluwa Deborah Raji , Travis Zack

The usual way to interpret language models (LMs) is to test their performance on different benchmarks and subsequently infer their internal processes. In this paper, we present an alternative approach, concentrating on the quality of LM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Lucas Weber , Jaap Jumelet , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown impressive performance on tasks involving reasoning, leading to a lively debate on whether these models possess reasoning capabilities similar to humans. However, despite these successes, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Philipp Mondorf , Barbara Plank

Conceptual combination performs a fundamental role in creating the broad range of compound phrases utilized in everyday language. This article provides a novel probabilistic framework for assessing whether the semantics of conceptual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-11-24 Peter D. Bruza , Kirsty Kitto , Brentyn J. Ramm , Laurianne Sitbon

The computational treatment of arguments on controversial issues has been subject to extensive NLP research, due to its envisioned impact on opinion formation, decision making, writing education, and the like. A critical task in any such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Henning Wachsmuth , Gabriella Lapesa , Elena Cabrio , Anne Lauscher , Joonsuk Park , Eva Maria Vecchi , Serena Villata , Timon Ziegenbein

Despite a multitude of empirical studies, little consensus exists on whether neural networks are able to generalise compositionally, a controversy that, in part, stems from a lack of agreement about what it means for a neural model to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Dieuwke Hupkes , Verna Dankers , Mathijs Mul , Elia Bruni