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Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

This paper considers stochastic optimization problems for a large class of objective functions, including convex and continuous submodular. Stochastic proximal gradient methods have been widely used to solve such problems; however, their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-13 Aryan Mokhtari , Hamed Hassani , Amin Karbasi

Beside the standard stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method, the Adam optimizer due to Kingma & Ba (2014) is currently probably the best-known optimization method for the training of deep neural networks in artificial intelligence (AI)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Steffen Dereich , Thang Do , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

Lookahead-based acceleration methods, such as Nesterov's momentum, are widely used in optimization, but they often become unreliable in deep learning training mainly due to stochastic gradient noise and non-convex loss landscapes. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chung-Yiu Yau , Dawei Li , Athanasios Glentis , Valentyn Boreiko , Hoi-To Wai , Mingyi Hong

We present a framework for adaptive-stepsize MCMC sampling based on time-rescaled Langevin dynamics, in which the stepsize variation is dynamically driven by an additional degree of freedom. Our approach augments the phase space by an…

Computation · Statistics 2025-05-27 Benedict Leimkuhler , René Lohmann , Peter Whalley

Convergence and convergence rate analyses of adaptive methods, such as Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) and its variants, have been widely studied for nonconvex optimization. The analyses are based on assumptions that the expected or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Hideaki Iiduka

Adaptive gradient methods, e.g. \textsc{Adam}, have achieved tremendous success in machine learning. Scaling the learning rate element-wisely by a certain form of second moment estimate of gradients, such methods are able to attain rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yizhou Wang , Yue Kang , Can Qin , Huan Wang , Yi Xu , Yulun Zhang , Yun Fu

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is an optimizer that takes a descent step based on the gradient at a perturbation $y_t = x_t + \rho \frac{\nabla f(x_t)}{\lVert \nabla f(x_t) \rVert}$ of the current point $x_t$. Existing studies prove…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Dongkuk Si , Chulhee Yun

Weight averaging of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) iterates is a popular method for training deep learning models. While it is often used as part of complex training pipelines to improve generalization or serve as a `teacher' model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Daniel Morales-Brotons , Thijs Vogels , Hadrien Hendrikx

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a popular choice for learning latent variable models. Variants of the EM have been initially introduced, using incremental updates to scale to large datasets, and using Monte Carlo (MC)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-22 Belhal Karimi , Ping Li

We propose a stochastic optimization method for minimizing loss functions, expressed as an expected value, that adaptively controls the batch size used in the computation of gradient approximations and the step size used to move along such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Achraf Bahamou , Donald Goldfarb

The Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy (CMA-ES) is one of the most advanced algorithms in numerical black-box optimization. For noisy objective functions, several approaches were proposed to mitigate the noise, e.g.,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Catalin-Viorel Dinu , Yash J. Patel , Xavier Bonet-Monroig , Hao Wang

Achieving optimal rates for stochastic composite convex optimization without prior knowledge of problem parameters remains a central challenge. In the deterministic setting, the auto-conditioned fast gradient method has recently been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-15 Yao Ji , Guanghui Lan

In this work, we describe a generic approach to show convergence with high probability for both stochastic convex and non-convex optimization with sub-Gaussian noise. In previous works for convex optimization, either the convergence is only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-01 Zijian Liu , Ta Duy Nguyen , Thien Hang Nguyen , Alina Ene , Huy Lê Nguyen

Adam-type optimizers, as a class of adaptive moment estimation methods with the exponential moving average scheme, have been successfully used in many applications of deep learning. Such methods are appealing due to the capability on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Bingxin Zhou , Xuebin Zheng , Junbin Gao

We introduce two complementary techniques for efficient optimization that reduce memory requirements while accelerating training of large-scale neural networks. The first technique, Subset-Norm step size, generalizes AdaGrad-Norm and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Thien Hang Nguyen , Huy Le Nguyen

Topology optimization under uncertainty or reliability-based topology optimization is usually numerically very expensive. This is mainly due to the fact that an accurate evaluation of the probabilistic model requires the system to be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-28 Lukas Pflug , Michael Stingl , Andrian Uihlein

The exponential moving average (EMA) is a commonly used statistic for providing stable estimates of stochastic quantities in deep learning optimization. Recently, EMA has seen considerable use in generative models, where it is computed with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jonathan Patsenker , Henry Li , Yuval Kluger

Most popular optimizers for deep learning can be broadly categorized as adaptive methods (e.g. Adam) and accelerated schemes (e.g. stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with momentum). For many models such as convolutional neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Juntang Zhuang , Tommy Tang , Yifan Ding , Sekhar Tatikonda , Nicha Dvornek , Xenophon Papademetris , James S. Duncan

We introduce MVN-Grad (Momentum on Variance-Normalized Gradients), an Adam-style optimizer that improves stability and performance by combining two complementary ideas: variance-based normalization and momentum applied after normalization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Francisco Patitucci , Aryan Mokhtari