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As more applications of large language models (LLMs) for 3D content for immersive environments emerge, it is crucial to study user behaviour to identify interaction patterns and potential barriers to guide the future design of immersive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Junlong Chen , Jens Grubert , Per Ola Kristensson

As Socially Interactive Agents (SIAs) become increasingly integrated into daily life, the ability to calibrate user trust to an agent's actual capabilities would help ensure appropriate usage of these agents. In this paper, we explore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Lucie Galland , Chloé Clavel , Magalie Ochs

Recent studies have uncovered the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) in addressing complex sequential decision-making tasks through the provision of high-level instructions. However, LLM-based agents lack specialization in tackling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Zihao Zhou , Bin Hu , Chenyang Zhao , Pu Zhang , Bin Liu

Independent learners often struggle with sustaining focus and emotional regulation in unstructured or distracting settings. Although some rely on ambient aids such as music, ASMR, or visual backgrounds to support concentration, these tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 George Xi Wang , Jingying Deng , Safinah Ali

This paper focuses on enhancing human-agent communication by integrating spatial context into virtual agents' non-verbal behaviors, specifically gestures. Recent advances in co-speech gesture generation have primarily utilized data-driven…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Anna Deichler , Simon Alexanderson , Jonas Beskow

As educational technology evolves, the potential of Pedagogical Agents (PAs) in supporting education is extensively explored. Typically, research on PAs has primarily focused on computer-based learning environments, but their use in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Aimilios Hadjiliasi , Louis Nisiotis , Irene Polycarpou

Vision-language-action models (VLAs) have shown generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation tasks by inheriting from vision-language models (VLMs) and learning action generation. Most VLA models focus on interpreting vision and…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly transforming education by enabling rich conversational learning experiences. This article provides a comprehensive review of how LLM-based conversational agents are being used in higher education,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Russell Beale

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in settings where they interact with a wide variety of people, including users who are unclear, impatient, or reluctant to share information. However, collecting real interaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Harshita Chopra , Kshitish Ghate , Aylin Caliskan , Tadayoshi Kohno , Chirag Shah , Natasha Jaques

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained and aligned to follow natural language instructions with only a handful of examples, and they are prompted as task-driven autonomous agents to adapt to various sources of execution environments.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Yang Su

Simulations are widely used to teach science in grade schools. These simulations are often augmented with a conversational artificial intelligence (AI) agent to provide real-time scaffolding support for students conducting experiments using…

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable versatility across a wide range of general tasks, their effectiveness often diminishes in domain-specific applications due to inherent knowledge gaps. Moreover, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hanzhi Yan , Qin Lu , Xianqiao Wang , Xiaoming Zhai , Tianming Liu , He Li

This work investigates how personality expression and embodiment affect personality perception and learning in educational conversational agents. We extend an existing personality-driven conversational agent framework by integrating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Sinan Sonlu , Bennie Bendiksen , Funda Durupinar , Uğur Güdükbay

Virtual Teaching Assistants (VTAs) powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance student learning by providing instant feedback and facilitating multi-turn interactions. However, empirical studies on their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Sunjun Kweon , Sooyohn Nam , Hyunseung Lim , Hwajung Hong , Edward Choi

This scoping review examines the emerging field of Large Language Model (LLM)-based pedagogical agents in educational settings. While traditional pedagogical agents have been extensively studied, the integration of LLMs represents a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shan Li , Juan Zheng

This paper introduces a novel computational approach for analyzing nonverbal social behavior in educational settings. Integrating multimodal behavioral cues, including facial expressions, gesture intensity, and spatial dynamics, the model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Uroš Petković , Jonas Frenkel , Olaf Hellwich , Rebecca Lazarides

Conventional Voice Assistants (VAs) rely on traditional language models to discern user intent and respond to their queries, leading to interactions that often lack a broader contextual understanding, an area in which Large Language Models…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Amama Mahmood , Junxiang Wang , Bingsheng Yao , Dakuo Wang , Chien-Ming Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved superior performance in powering text-based AI agents, endowing them with decision-making and reasoning abilities akin to humans. Concurrently, there is an emerging research trend focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Junlin Xie , Zhihong Chen , Ruifei Zhang , Xiang Wan , Guanbin Li

To explore a more scalable path for adding multimodal capabilities to existing LLMs, this paper addresses a fundamental question: Can a unimodal LLM, relying solely on text, reason about its own informational needs and provide effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sazia Tabasum Mim , Jack Morris , Manish Dhakal , Yanming Xiu , Maria Gorlatova , Yi Ding

In this paper, we extended the method proposed in [21] to enable humans to interact naturally with autonomous agents through vocal and textual conversations. Our extended method exploits the inherent capabilities of pre-trained large…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Linus Nwankwo , Elmar Rueckert