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AI agents are systems capable of perceiving their environment, autonomously planning and executing tasks. Recent advancements in LLM have introduced a transformative paradigm for AI agents, enabling them to interact with external resources…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Kaiwen Ning , Jiachi Chen , Jingwen Zhang , Wei Li , Zexu Wang , Yuming Feng , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng

A fundamental limitation of current LLM-based AI agents is their inability to build differentiated trust among each other at the onset of an agent-to-agent dialogue. However, autonomous and interoperable trust establishment becomes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Sandro Rodriguez Garzon , Awid Vaziry , Enis Mert Kuzu , Dennis Enrique Gehrmann , Buse Varkan , Alexander Gaballa , Axel Küpper

Googles A2A protocol provides a secure communication framework for AI agents but demonstrates critical limitations when handling highly sensitive information such as payment credentials and identity documents. These gaps increase the risk…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yedidel Louck , Ariel Stulman , Amit Dvir

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the rise of autonomous AI agents capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting in dynamic, open-ended environments. These large-model agents mark a paradigm shift from static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hang Su , Jun Luo , Chang Liu , Xiao Yang , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Local differential privacy (LDP) has become a prominent notion for privacy-preserving data collection. While numerous LDP protocols and post-processing (PP) methods have been developed, selecting an optimal combination under different…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Berkay Kemal Balioglu , Alireza Khodaie , Mehmet Emre Gursoy

Open-domain dialogue systems have seen remarkable advancements with the development of large language models (LLMs). Nonetheless, most existing dialogue systems predominantly focus on brief single-session interactions, neglecting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Hao Li , Chenghao Yang , An Zhang , Yang Deng , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents, yet their practical utility is fundamentally constrained by a limited context window and state desynchronization resulting from the LLMs' stateless nature and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Fikresilase Wondmeneh Abebayew

Most deep learning frameworks require users to pool their local data or model updates to a trusted server to train or maintain a global model. The assumption of a trusted server who has access to user information is ill-suited in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Lingjuan Lyu , Yitong Li , Xuanli He , Tong Xiao

This research article presents a novel architecture to empower multi-agent economies by addressing two critical limitations of the emerging Agent2Agent (A2A) communication protocol: decentralized agent discoverability and agent-to-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Awid Vaziry , Sandro Rodriguez Garzon , Axel Küpper

As large-scale multi-agent systems evolve, the communication protocol layer has become a critical yet under-evaluated factor shaping performance and reliability. Despite the existence of diverse protocols (A2A, ACP, ANP, Agora, etc.),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hongyi Du , Jiaqi Su , Jisen Li , Lijie Ding , Yingxuan Yang , Peixuan Han , Xiangru Tang , Kunlun Zhu , Jiaxuan You

Agentic AI systems, specifically LLM-driven agents that plan, invoke tools, maintain persistent memory, and delegate tasks to peer agents via protocols such as MCP and A2A, introduce a threat surface that differs materially from standalone…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Javad Forough , Marios Kogias , Hamed Haddadi

Recent advancements in proactive dialogues have garnered significant attention, particularly for more complex objectives (e.g. emotion support and persuasion). Unlike traditional task-oriented dialogues, proactive dialogues demand advanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Tao He , Lizi Liao , Yixin Cao , Yuanxing Liu , Yiheng Sun , Zerui Chen , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Although DRL (deep reinforcement learning) has emerged as a powerful tool for making better decisions than existing hand-crafted communication protocols, it faces significant limitations: 1) Selecting the appropriate neural network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Dae Cheol Kwon , Xinyu Zhang

LLM agents increasingly present as conversational collaborators, yet human--agent teamwork remains brittle due to information asymmetry: users lack task-specific reliability cues, and agents rarely surface calibrated uncertainty or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Xingrui Gu

Organizations are increasingly exploring delegation of screening and negotiation tasks to AI systems, yet deployment in high-stakes B2B settings is constrained by governance: preventing unauthorized commitments, ensuring sufficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Siming Zhao , Qi Li

Autonomous LLM agents can issue thousands of API calls per hour without human oversight. OAuth 2.0 assumes deterministic clients, but in agentic settings stochastic reasoning, prompt injection, or multi-agent orchestration can silently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Abhishek Goswami

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into multi-agent and human-AI systems, understanding their awareness of both self-context and conversational partners is essential for ensuring reliable performance and robust…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Younwoo Choi , Changling Li , Yongjin Yang , Zhijing Jin

Large language model (LLM)-based AI delegates are increasingly utilized to act on behalf of users, assisting them with a wide range of tasks through conversational interfaces. Despite their advantages, concerns arise regarding the potential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zhiyang Zhang , Xi Chen , Fangkai Yang , Xiaoting Qin , Chao Du , Xi Cheng , Hangxin Liu , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to interact with external tools via tool descriptors, thereby extending their capabilities for task execution, autonomous decision-making, and multi-agent coordination.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Saeid Jamshidi , Arghavan Moradi Dakhel , Kawser Wazed Nafi , Foutse Khomh

Multi-agent large language model (LLM) systems enable complex, long-horizon reasoning by composing specialized agents, but practical deployment remains hindered by inefficient routing, noisy feedback, and high interaction cost. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Mohammad Parsa Hosseini , Ankit Shah , Saiyra Qureshi , Alex Huang , Connie Miao , Wei Wei