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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting with Register Transfer Level (RTL) design tasks. Nevertheless, there remains to be a significant gap in benchmarks that accurately reflect the complexity of real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ahmed Allam , Mohamed Shalan

To evaluate the repository-level code generation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex real-world software development scenarios, many evaluation methods have been developed. These methods typically leverage contextual…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Dewu Zheng , Yanlin Wang , Ensheng Shi , Ruikai Zhang , Yuchi Ma , Hongyu Zhang , Zibin Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code generation, but they face two main challenges: functional correctness and Power, Performance, and Area (PPA) optimization. Iterative, feedback-based methods…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Kyungjun Min , Kyumin Cho , Junhwan Jang , Seokhyeong Kang

As an essential part of modern hardware design, manually writing Register Transfer Level (RTL) code such as Verilog is often labor-intensive. Following the tremendous success of large language models (LLMs), researchers have begun to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Junliang Lv , Xiao Xiao , Xiaochun Ye

The rapid progress of artificial intelligence increasingly relies on efficient integrated circuit (IC) design. Recent studies have explored the use of large language models (LLMs) for generating Register Transfer Level (RTL) code, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yao Lu , Shang Liu , Hangan Zhou , Wenji Fang , Qijun Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

LLM-based RTL code generation methods increasingly target both functional correctness and PPA quality, yet existing approaches universally decouple the two objectives, optimizing PPA only after correctness is fully achieved. Whether through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Heng Ping , Peiyu Zhang , Shixuan Li , Wei Yang , Anzhe Cheng , Shukai Duan , Xiaole Zhang , Paul Bogdan

Large Language Models have emerged as powerful tools for automating Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code generation, yet they face critical limitations: existing approaches typically fail to simultaneously optimize functional correctness and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhirong Chen , Kaiyan Chang , Zhuolin Li , Cangyuan Li , Xinyang He , Chujie Chen , Mengdi Wang , Haobo Xu , Yinhe Han , Huawei Li , Ying Wang

Verilog's design cycle is inherently labor-intensive and necessitates extensive domain expertise. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising pathway toward automation, their limited training data and intrinsic sequential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wei-Po Hsin , Ren-Hao Deng , Yao-Ting Hsieh , En-Ming Huang , Shih-Hao Hung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become pivotal tools for automating code generation in software development. However, these models face significant challenges in producing version-aware code for rapidly evolving languages like Rust, where…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Linxi Liang , Jing Gong , Mingwei Liu , Chong Wang , Guangsheng Ou , Yanlin Wang , Xin Peng , Zibin Zheng

As coding challenges become more complex, recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to notable successes, such as achieving a 94.6\% solve rate on the HumanEval benchmark. Concurrently, there is an increasing commercial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Douglas Schonholtz

Existing large language models (LLMs) for register transfer level code generation face challenges like compilation failures and suboptimal power, performance, and area (PPA) efficiency. This is due to the lack of PPA awareness in…

GPGPU architectures have become significantly more diverse in recent years, which has led to an emergence of a variety of specialized programming models and software stacks to support them. Portable programming models exist, but they…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Joshua H. Davis , Daniel Nichols , Ishan Khillan , Abhinav Bhatele

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance, inspiring researchers to explore their use in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation and improving hardware design efficiency. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Xiao Xiao , Wenming Li , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan

The application of large-language models (LLMs) to digital hardware code generation is an emerging field, with most LLMs primarily trained on natural language and software code. Hardware code like Verilog constitutes a small portion of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Nathaniel Pinckney , Christopher Batten , Mingjie Liu , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany

A critical stage in the evolving landscape of VLSI design is the design phase that is transformed into register-transfer level (RTL), which specifies system functionality through hardware description languages like Verilog. Generally,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Anindita Chattopadhyay , Vijay Kumar Sutrakar

Register Transfer Level (RTL) design translates high-level specifications into hardware using HDLs such as Verilog. Although LLM-based RTL generation is promising, the scarcity of functionally verifiable high-quality data limits both…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xinyu Zhang , Zhiteng Chao , Yonghao Wang , Bin Sun , Tianyun Ma , Tianmeng Yang , Jianan Mu , Jing Justin Ye , Huawei Li

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation tasks. However, repository-level code generation presents unique challenges, particularly due to the need to utilize information spread across…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Zhiyuan Pan , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaohu Yang

Writing code requires significant time and effort in software development. To automate this process, researchers have made substantial progress using Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation. Many benchmarks like HumanEval and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jia Li , Hongyi Deng , Yiran Zhang , Kechi Zhang , Tianqi Shao , Tiankuo Zhao , Weinan Wang , Zhi Jin , Ge Li , Yang Liu , Yingtao Fang , Yihong Dong

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in generating RTL code from natural-language descriptions, but existing methods remain static and struggle to adapt to evolving design requirements, potentially causing structural drift and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Luanrong Chen , Renzhi Chen , Xinyu Li , Shanshan Li , Rui Gong , Lei Wang

How to evaluate the coding abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) remains an open question. We find that existing benchmarks are poorly aligned with real-world code repositories and are insufficient to evaluate the coding abilities of…

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