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Hierarchical federated learning (HFL) has demonstrated promising scalability advantages over the traditional "star-topology" architecture-based federated learning (FL). However, HFL still imposes significant computation, communication, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Wenzhi Fang , Dong-Jun Han , Christopher G. Brinton

The increasing complexity of deep neural networks poses significant barriers to democratizing them to resource-limited edge devices. To address this challenge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising solution by of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Wei Wei , Xianhao Chen , Kin K. Leung

Mobile devices contribute more than half of the world's web traffic, providing massive and diverse data for powering various federated learning (FL) applications. In order to avoid the communication bottleneck on the parameter server (PS)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yunming Liao , Yang Xu , Hongli Xu , Zhiwei Yao , Liusheng Huang , Chunming Qiao

Federated learning (FL) allows multiple parties (distributed devices) to train a machine learning model without sharing raw data. How to effectively and efficiently utilize the resources on devices and the central server is a highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Guangyu Zhu , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang , Tan F. Wong

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) provides opportunities for the promotion of deep neural network (DNN)-based applications. However, the large amount of parameters and computational complexity of DNN makes it difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Ce Xu , Jinxuan Li , Yuan Liu , Yushi Ling , Miaowen Wen

Federated learning (FL) is fundamentally a distributed optimization problem executed by communicating agents with local data, local computation, and partial system visibility. Once FL is viewed through that lens, hierarchy is not merely a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Seyed Mohammad Azimi-Abarghouyi , Mehdi Bennis , Leandros Tassiulas

To enable training of large artificial intelligence (AI) models at the network edge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising approach by distributing computation between edge devices and a server. However, while unstable…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wei Wei , Zheng Lin , Xihui Liu , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Xianhao Chen

The ever-growing concerns regarding data privacy have led to a paradigm shift in machine learning (ML) architectures from centralized to distributed approaches, giving rise to federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) as the two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zhipeng Cheng , Xuwei Fan , Minghui Liwang , Ning Chen , Xiaoyu Xia , Xianbin Wang

A Federated Learning (FL) system collaboratively trains neural networks across devices and a server but is limited by significant on-device computation costs. Split Federated Learning (SFL) systems mitigate this by offloading a block of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Zhang , Leon Wong , Blesson Varghese

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients (e.g., edge devices) without sharing raw data. Yet, FL can be computationally expensive as the clients need to train the entire model multiple times.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Chao Huang , Geng Tian , Ming Tang

Split Federated Learning (SFL) enables privacy-preserving collaborative training by partitioning models between clients and a server. However, under non-IID data distributions, SFL often suffers from biased optimization and unstable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuhan Xie , Chen Lyu , Jingrong Huang

Almost all existing hierarchical federated learning (FL) models are limited to two aggregation layers, restricting scalability and flexibility in complex, large-scale networks. In this work, we propose a Multi-Layer Hierarchical Federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Seyed Mohammad Azimi-Abarghouyi , Carlo Fischione

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged to allow multiple clients to collaboratively train machine learning models on their private data at the network edge. However, training and deploying large-scale models on resource-constrained devices is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Yang Xu , Yunming Liao , Hongli Xu , Zhipeng Sun , Liusheng Huang , Chunming Qiao

Federated learning (FL) enables collaboratively training a model while keeping the training data decentralized and private. However, one significant impediment to training a model using FL, especially large models, is the resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Seyed Mahmoud Sajjadi Mohammadabadi , Syed Zawad , Feng Yan , Lei Yang

Many of the machine learning tasks rely on centralized learning (CL), which requires the transmission of local datasets from the clients to a parameter server (PS) entailing huge communication overhead. To overcome this, federated learning…

Federated Learning (FL) is a method of training machine learning models on private data distributed over a large number of possibly heterogeneous clients such as mobile phones and IoT devices. In this work, we propose a new federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Federated Learning is a promising approach for learning from user data while preserving data privacy. However, the high requirements of the model training process make it difficult for clients with limited memory or bandwidth to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Minh K. Quan , Dinh C. Nguyen , Van-Dinh Nguyen , Mayuri Wijayasundara , Sujeeva Setunge , Pubudu N. Pathirana

Decentralized machine learning has broadened its scope recently with the invention of Federated Learning (FL), Split Learning (SL), and their hybrids like Split Federated Learning (SplitFed or SFL). The goal of SFL is to reduce the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Chamani Shiranthika , Zahra Hafezi Kafshgari , Parvaneh Saeedi , Ivan V. Bajić

The longstanding goals of federated learning (FL) require rigorous privacy guarantees and low communication overhead while holding a relatively high model accuracy. However, simultaneously achieving all the goals is extremely challenging.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 He Yang

In Split Federated Learning (SFL), the clients collaboratively train a model with the help of a server by splitting the model into two parts. Part-1 is trained locally at each client and aggregated by the aggregator at the end of each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Joana Tirana , Dimitra Tsigkari , David Solans Noguero , Nicolas Kourtellis