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This work introduces a growable and modular neural network architecture that naturally avoids catastrophic forgetting and interference in continual reinforcement learning. The structure of each module allows the selective combination of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Mikel Malagón , Josu Ceberio , Jose A. Lozano

Finetuning a pretrained model has become a standard approach for training neural networks on novel tasks, resulting in fast convergence and improved performance. In this work, we study an alternative finetuning method, where instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Gal Kaplun , Andrey Gurevich , Tal Swisa , Mazor David , Shai Shalev-Shwartz , Eran Malach

Recently, the pretrain-finetune paradigm has become a cornerstone in various deep learning areas. While in general the pre-trained model would promote both effectiveness and efficiency of downstream tasks fine-tuning, studies have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Chunyang Jiang , Chi-min Chan , Yiyang Cai , Yulong Liu , Wei Xue , Yike Guo

Class incremental learning consists in training discriminative models to classify an increasing number of classes over time. However, doing so using only the newly added class data leads to the known problem of catastrophic forgetting of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Quentin Ferdinand , Gilles Le Chenadec , Benoit Clement , Panagiotis Papadakis , Quentin Oliveau

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong general language capabilities. However, fine-tuning these models on domain-specific tasks often leads to catastrophic forgetting, where the model overwrites or loses essential knowledge acquired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shezheng Song , Hao Xu , Jun Ma , Shasha Li , Long Peng , Qian Wan , Xiaodong Liu , Jie Yu

Continual learning is an emerging topic in the field of deep learning, where a model is expected to learn continuously for new upcoming tasks without forgetting previous experiences. This field has witnessed numerous advancements, but few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Aupendu Kar , Krishnendu Ghosh , Prabir Kumar Biswas

Pre-trained representation is one of the key elements in the success of modern deep learning. However, existing works on continual learning methods have mostly focused on learning models incrementally from scratch. In this paper, we explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Hyounguk Shon , Janghyeon Lee , Seung Hwan Kim , Junmo Kim

In this paper we present a technique to train neural network models on small amounts of data. Current methods for training neural networks on small amounts of rich data typically rely on strategies such as fine-tuning a pre-trained neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Ark Anderson , Kyle Shaffer , Artem Yankov , Court D. Corley , Nathan O. Hodas

Fine-tuning is a promising technique for leveraging Transformer-based language models in downstream tasks. As model sizes continue to grow, updating all model parameters becomes increasingly costly. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Xiaoshuang Ji , Zhendong Zhao , Xiaojun Chen , Xin Zhao , Zeyao Liu

Foundation models serve as the backbone for numerous specialized models developed through fine-tuning. However, when the underlying pretrained model is updated or retrained (e.g., on larger and more curated datasets), the fine-tuned model…

Pre-trained language models demonstrate general intelligence and common sense, but long inputs quickly become a bottleneck for memorizing information at inference time. We resurface a simple method, Memorizing Transformers (Wu et al.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Phoebe Klett , Thomas Ahle

Despite the continuous research and evolution of language models, they sometimes underperform previous versions. Existing approaches to overcome these challenges are resource-intensive, highlighting the need for alternatives that enable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Namkyung Yoon , Kyeonghyun Yoo , Wooyong Jung , Sanghong Kim , Hwangnam Kim

In this paper, we consider the problem of fine-grained image retrieval in an incremental setting, when new categories are added over time. On the one hand, repeatedly training the representation on the extended dataset is time-consuming. On…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Wei Chen , Yu Liu , Weiping Wang , Tinne Tuytelaars , Erwin M. Bakker , Michael Lew

How can we teach large multimodal models (LMMs) new skills without erasing prior abilities? We study sequential fine-tuning on five target skills while monitoring general ability on eight held-out benchmarks across three model families.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhen Zhu , Yiming Gong , Yao Xiao , Yaoyao Liu , Derek Hoiem

Evolution Strategies (ES) has recently emerged as a competitive alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) fine-tuning, offering advantages through simplicity, scalability, and inference-only training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kajetan Schweighofer , Conor F. Hayes , Roberto Dailey , Risto Miikkulainen , Xin Qiu

As the landscape of large language models expands, efficiently finetuning for specific tasks becomes increasingly crucial. At the same time, the landscape of parameter-efficient finetuning methods rapidly expands. Consequently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Tobias Strangmann , Lennart Purucker , Jörg K. H. Franke , Ivo Rapant , Fabio Ferreira , Frank Hutter

The infrequent occurrence of overfitting in deep neural networks is perplexing: contrary to theoretical expectations, increasing model size often enhances performance in practice. But what if overfitting does occur, though restricted to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Uri Stern , Tomer Yaacoby , Daphna Weinshall

Large language models (LLMs) often suffer from catastrophic forgetting in continual learning: after learning new tasks sequentially, they perform worse on earlier tasks. Existing methods mitigate catastrophic forgetting by data replay,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yazheng Liu , Yuxuan Wan , Rui Xu , Xi Zhang , Sihong Xie , Hui Xiong

This paper proposes a simple but highly efficient expansion-based model for continual learning. The recent feature transformation, masking and factorization-based methods are efficient, but they grow the model only over the global or shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Soumya Roy , Vinay K Verma , Deepak Gupta

Fine-tuning pre-trained generative language models to down-stream language generation tasks has shown promising results. However, this comes with the cost of having a single, large model for each task, which is not ideal in low-memory/power…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung