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We consider the market microstructure of automated market makers (AMMs) from the perspective of liquidity providers (LPs). Our central contribution is a ``Black-Scholes formula for AMMs''. We identify the main adverse selection cost…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-29 Jason Milionis , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tim Roughgarden , Anthony Lee Zhang

We suggest a framework to determine optimal trading fees for constant function market makers (CFMMs) in order to maximize liquidity provider returns. In a setting of multiple competing liquidity pools, we show that no race to the bottom…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Robin Fritsch , Roger Wattenhofer

Automated Market Makers (AMMs) hold assets and are constantly being rebalanced by external arbitrageurs to match external market prices. Loss-versus-rebalancing (LVR) is a pivotal metric for measuring how an AMM pool performs for its…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-01 Matthew Willetts , Christian Harrington

Automated market makers (AMM) have grown to obtain significant market share within the cryptocurrency ecosystem, resulting in a proliferation of new products pursuing exotic strategies for horizontal differentiation. Yet, their theoretical…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-05-07 Johannes Rude Jensen , Mohsen Pourpouneh , Kurt Nielsen , Omri Ross

In decentralized finance ("DeFi"), automated market makers (AMMs) enable traders to programmatically exchange one asset for another. Such trades are enabled by the assets deposited by liquidity providers (LPs). The goal of this paper is to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jason Milionis , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tim Roughgarden

Automated market makers are a popular mechanism used on decentralized exchange, through which users trade assets with each other directly and automatically through a liquidity pool and a fixed pricing function. The liquidity provider…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-11-27 Xue Dong He , Chen Yang , Yutian Zhou

Decentralized exchanges are widely used platforms for trading crypto assets. The most common types work with automated market makers (AMM), allowing traders to exchange assets without needing to find matching counterparties. Thereby,…

General Economics · Economics 2024-02-12 Matthias Hafner , Helmut Dietl

Automated market makers (AMMs) quote prices from pool state rather than from a limit order book. AMM pools often stay close to a reference price because arbitrageurs correct profitable mispricing. A large part of decentralized finance…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Peihao Li , Nadia Dahmani , Wenqi Cai

Market fragmentation across multiple Automated Market Makers (AMMs) creates inefficiencies such as costly arbitrage, unnecessarily high slippage and delayed incorporation of new information into prices. These inefficiencies raise trading…

General Economics · Economics 2025-10-01 Marcelo Bagnulo , Angel Hernando-Veciana , Efthymios Smyrniotis

Concentrated Liquidity Market Makers (CLMMs) represent a fundamental innovation in market microstructure, transforming liquidity provision from passive portfolio allocation to active risk management. This evolution creates significant…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-31 Andrey Urusov , Rostislav Berezovskiy , Anatoly Krestenko , Andrei Kornilov , Yury Yanovich

We develop an axiomatic theory for Automated Market Makers (AMMs) in local energy sharing markets and analyze the Markov Perfect Equilibrium of the resulting economy with a Mean-Field Game. In this game, heterogeneous prosumers solve a…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-01-01 Michele Fabi , Viraj Nadkarni , Leonardo Leone , Matheus X. V. Ferreira

This work builds on the theoretical frameworks presented in "Liquidity pools as mean field games: A new framework" and "Liquidity pools as mean field games with transaction costs" by the same author, where the strategic interactions among…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Agustín Muñoz González

Automated market makers (AMMs) have emerged as the dominant market mechanism for trading on decentralized exchanges implemented on blockchains. This paper presents a single mechanism that targets two important unsolved problems for AMMs:…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-13 Austin Adams , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Sara Reynolds , Dan Robinson

Two popular forms of automated market makers are constant sum and constant product (CSMM and CPMM respectively). Each has its advantages and disadvantages: CSMMs have stable exchange rates but are vulnerable to arbitrage and can sometimes…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-04-07 Alexander Port , Neelesh Tiruviluamala

This article explores the optimisation of trading strategies in Constant Function Market Makers (CFMMs) and centralised exchanges. We develop a model that accounts for the interaction between these two markets, estimating the conditional…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-06 Sebastian Jaimungal , Yuri F. Saporito , Max O. Souza , Yuri Thamsten

Automated market makers (AMMs) are smart contracts that automatically trade electronic assets according to a mathematical formula. This paper investigates how an AMM's formula affects the interests of liquidity providers, who endow the AMM…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Daniel Engel , Maurice Herlihy

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) face persistent challenges in liquidity retention and user engagement due to inefficiencies in conventional automated market maker (AMM) designs. This work proposes a dual-mechanism framework to address these…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-02-28 CY Yan , Steve Keol , Xo Co , Nate Leung

The always-available liquidity of automated market makers (AMMs) has been one of the most important catalysts in early cryptocurrency adoption. However, it has become increasingly evident that AMMs in their current form are not viable…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Conor McMenamin , Vanesa Daza , Bruno Mazorra

Automated market makers, first popularized by Hanson's logarithmic market scoring rule (or LMSR) for prediction markets, have become important building blocks, called 'primitives,' for decentralized finance. A particularly useful primitive…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-01-13 Guillermo Angeris , Tarun Chitra

Constant Function Market Makers (CFMMs) are a tool for creating exchange markets, have been deployed effectively in prediction markets, and are now especially prominent in the Decentralized Finance ecosystem. We show that for any set of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Mohak Goyal , Geoffrey Ramseyer , Ashish Goel , David Mazières