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The ability of a deep learning network to distinguish between in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for ensuring the reliability and trustworthiness of AI systems. Existing OOD detection methods often involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Gagandeep Singh , Ishan Mishra , Deepak Mishra

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a principal task for ensuring the safety of deploying deep-neural-network classifiers in open-set scenarios. OOD samples can be drawn from arbitrary distributions and exhibit deviations from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled In-Distribution (ID) training samples, which is crucial for developing a safe real-world machine learning system. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ying Yang , De Cheng , Chaowei Fang , Yubiao Wang , Changzhe Jiao , Lechao Cheng , Nannan Wang

Deep neural networks often struggle to recognize when an input lies outside their training experience, leading to unreliable and overconfident predictions. Building dependable machine learning systems therefore requires methods that can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pirzada Suhail , Rehna Afroz , Amit Sethi

Real-world deployment of reliable object detectors is crucial for applications such as autonomous driving. However, general-purpose object detectors like Faster R-CNN are prone to providing overconfident predictions for outlier objects.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Nishant Kumar , Siniša Šegvić , Abouzar Eslami , Stefan Gumhold

Neural network-based radio receivers are expected to play a key role in future wireless systems, making reliable Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection essential. We propose a post-hoc, layerwise OOD framework based on channelwise feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Marko Tuononen , Heikki Penttinen , Duy Vu , Dani Korpi , Vesa Starck , Ville Hautamäki

Deep learning has led to remarkable strides in scene understanding with panoptic segmentation emerging as a key holistic scene interpretation task. However, the performance of panoptic segmentation is severely impacted in the presence of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Rohit Mohan , Kiran Kumaraswamy , Juana Valeria Hurtado , Kürsat Petek , Abhinav Valada

Graph Out-of-Distribution (OOD), requiring that models trained on biased data generalize to the unseen test data, has a massive of real-world applications. One of the most mainstream methods is to extract the invariant subgraph by aligning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Xuexin Chen , Ruichu Cai , Kaitao Zheng , Zhifan Jiang , Zhengting Huang , Zhifeng Hao , Zijian Li

In the open world, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data, whose labels are disjoint with those of in-distribution (ID) samples, is important for reliable deep neural networks (DNNs). To achieve better detection performance, one type of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yingwen Wu , Ruiji Yu , Xinwen Cheng , Zhengbao He , Xiaolin Huang

Neural networks are notorious for being overconfident predictors, posing a significant challenge to their safe deployment in real-world applications. While feature normalization has garnered considerable attention within the deep learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Sudarshan Regmi , Bibek Panthi , Sakar Dotel , Prashnna K. Gyawali , Danail Stoyanov , Binod Bhattarai

We focus on the problem of producing well-calibrated out-of-distribution (OOD) detectors, in order to enable safe deployment of medical image classifiers. Motivated by the difficulty of curating suitable calibration datasets, synthetic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Vivek Narayanaswamy , Yamen Mubarka , Rushil Anirudh , Deepta Rajan , Andreas Spanias , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

One of the early weaknesses identified in deep neural networks trained for image classification tasks was their inability to provide low confidence predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data that was significantly different from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Evelyn Mannix , Howard Bondell

While deep neural networks have made remarkable progress in various vision tasks, their performance typically deteriorates when tested in out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios. Many OOD methods focus on extracting domain-invariant features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Qiaowei Miao , Yawei Luo , Yi Yang

Reliable GNSS positioning in complex environments remains a critical challenge due to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, multipath effects, and frequent signal blockages. These effects can easily introduce large outliers into the raw…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Baoshan Song , Penggao Yan , Xiao Xia , Yihan Zhong , Weisong Wen , Li-Ta Hsu

Improving the accuracy of deep neural networks (DNNs) on out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical to an acceptance of deep learning (DL) in real world applications. It has been observed that accuracies on in-distribution (ID) versus OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Sara Fridovich-Keil , Brian R. Bartoldson , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Peer-Timo Bremer

Modeling normal behavior in dynamic, nonlinear time series data is challenging for effective anomaly detection. Traditional methods, such as nearest neighbor and clustering approaches, often depend on rigid assumptions, such as a predefined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lifeng Shen , Liang Peng , Ruiwen Liu , Shuyin Xia , Yi Liu

It is an important problem in trustworthy machine learning to recognize out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs which are inputs unrelated to the in-distribution task. Many out-of-distribution detection methods have been suggested in recent years.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Julian Bitterwolf , Alexander Meinke , Maximilian Augustin , Matthias Hein

Neural networks often make predictions relying on the spurious correlations from the datasets rather than the intrinsic properties of the task of interest, facing sharp degradation on out-of-distribution (OOD) test data. Existing de-bias…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Xinzhe Han , Shuhui Wang , Chi Su , Qingming Huang , Qi Tian

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for deploying machine learning models in the open world. Distance-based methods have demonstrated promise, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far away from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Yiyou Sun , Yifei Ming , Xiaojin Zhu , Yixuan Li

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection is important for building safe artificial intelligence systems. However, current OoD detection methods still cannot meet the performance requirements for practical deployment. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-18 Haiwen Huang , Zhihan Li , Lulu Wang , Sishuo Chen , Bin Dong , Xinyu Zhou