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We propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that is carried out in an indefinite causal order (ICO). In QKD, one considers a setup in which two parties, Alice and Bob, share a key with one another in such a way that they can detect…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Hector Spencer-Wood

We analyze the security of two multipartite quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, specifically we introduce an $N$-partite version of the BB84 protocol and we discuss the $N$-partite six-state protocol proposed in arXiv:1612.05585v2.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-05 Federico Grasselli , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

We propose a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that enables three parties agree at once on a shared common random bit string in presence of an eavesdropper without use of entanglement. We prove its unconditional security and analyze…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-23 Ryutaroh Matsumoto

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables Alice and Bob to exchange a secret key over a public, untrusted quantum channel. Compared to classical key exchange, QKD achieves everlasting security: after the protocol execution the key is secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Alex B. Grilo , Giulio Malavolta , Michael Walter , Tianwei Zhang

Employing the fundamental laws of quantum physics, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) promises the unconditionally secure distribution of cryptographic keys. However, in practical realisations, a QKD protocol is only secure, when the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-12-07 Muhammad Mubashir Khan , Jie Xu , Almut Beige

In a two-way deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) protocol, Bob randomly prepares qubits in one of four states and sends them to Alice. To encode a bit, Alice performs an operation on each received qubit and returns it to Bob. Bob…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-11 Hua Lu , Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Qing-yu Cai

We present security proofs for a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on encoding in finite high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. This protocol is an extension of Bennett's and Brassard's basic protocol from two bases, two state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Mohamed Bourennane , Anders Karlsson , Gunnar Bjork , Nicolas Gisin , Nicolas Cerf

Here we concerned with quantum key distribution - a way to establish common cryptographic key between several parties. The work proposes a combination between quantum key distribution and systematic polar coding (an error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Georgi Bebrov

In device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD), an adversary prepares a device consisting of two components, distributed to Alice and Bob, who use the device to generate a secure key. The security of existing DIQKD schemes holds…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-01 Tony Metger , Yfke Dulek , Andrea Coladangelo , Rotem Arnon-Friedman

We propose a new Quantum Key Distribution method in which Alice sends pairs of qubits to Bob, each in one of four possible states. Bob uses one qubit to generate a secure key and the other to generate an auxiliary key. For each pair he…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-01 Mohd Asad Siddiqui , Tabish Qureshi

In counterfactual quantum key distribution (QKD), two remote parties can securely share random polarization-encoded bits through the blocking rather than the transmission of particles. We propose a semi-counterfactual QKD, i.e., one where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-28 Akshata Shenoy H. , R. Srikanth , T. Srinivas

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for communication with security guaranteed by quantum theory. The main theoretical problem in QKD is to calculate the secret key rate for a given protocol. Analytical formulas are known for protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-24 Patrick J. Coles , Eric M. Metodiev , Norbert Lütkenhaus

The evolution of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relies on innovative methods to enhance its security and efficiency. Unextendible Product Bases (UPBs) hold promise in quantum cryptography due to their inherent indistinguishability, yet they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-15 Pratapaditya Bej , Vinod Jayakeerthi

The security of a standard bi-directional "plug & play" quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been an open question for a long time. This is mainly because its source is equivalently controlled by an eavesdropper, which means the source…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yi Zhao , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows Alice and Bob to agree on a shared secret key, while communicating over a public (untrusted) quantum channel. Compared to classical key exchange, it has two main advantages: (i) The key is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-03 Giulio Malavolta , Michael Walter

In a deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) protocol with a two-way quantum channel, Bob sends a qubit to Alice who then encodes a key bit onto the qubit and sends it back to Bob. After measuring the returned qubit, Bob can obtain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-02 Hua Lu , Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Xiongfeng Ma , Qing-yu Cai

In this paper, we derive key-rate expressions for different quantum key distribution protocols. Our key-rate equations utilize multiple channel statistics, including those gathered from mismatched measurement bases - i.e., when Alice and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-16 Walter O. Krawec

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technique that enables secure communication between two parties by sharing a secret key. One of the most well-known QKD protocols is the BB84 protocol, proposed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 SujayKumar Reddy M , Chandra Mohan B

We propose an information reconciliation protocol that uses two-way classical communication. In the case of the BB84 protocol and the six-state protocol, the key rates of the quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that use our proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-09 Shun Watanabe , Ryutaroh Matsumoto , Tomohiko Uyematsu , Yasuhito Kawano

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for secure communications safe against attacks by quantum computers. QKD protocols are performed by sending a sizeable, but finite, number of quantum signals between the distant parties involved. Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-05 Darius Bunandar , Luke C. G. Govia , Hari Krovi , Dirk R. Englund
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