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Image classification plays a pivotal role across diverse applications, yet challenges persist when models are deployed in real-world scenarios. Notably, these models falter in detecting unfamiliar classes that were not incorporated during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Butian Xiong , Liguang Zhou , Tin Lun Lam , Yangsheng Xu

In many real-world settings, machine learning models need to identify user inputs that are out-of-domain (OOD) so as to avoid performing wrong actions. This work focuses on a challenging case of OOD detection, where no labels for in-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Di Jin , Shuyang Gao , Seokhwan Kim , Yang Liu , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Successful detection of Out-of-Distribution (OoD) data is becoming increasingly important to ensure safe deployment of neural networks. One of the main challenges in OoD detection is that neural networks output overconfident predictions on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Sangha Park , Jisoo Mok , Dahuin Jung , Saehyung Lee , Sungroh Yoon

\noindent Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of machine learning models. Extensive work has focused on devising various scoring functions for detecting OOD samples, while only a few studies focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yifan Ding , Xixi Liu , Jonas Unger , Gabriel Eilertsen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect testing samples far away from the in-distribution (ID) training data, which is crucial for the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Distance-based OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Haodong Lu , Dong Gong , Shuo Wang , Jason Xue , Lina Yao , Kristen Moore

Understanding the surrounding environment is fundamental in autonomous driving and robotic perception. Distinguishing between known classes and previously unseen objects is crucial in real-world environments, as done in Anomaly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Simone Mosco , Daniel Fusaro , Alberto Pretto

Accurate trajectory prediction is essential for the safe operation of autonomous vehicles in real-world environments. Even well-trained machine learning models may produce unreliable predictions due to discrepancies between training data…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Tongfe Guo , Taposh Banerjee , Rui Liu , Lili Su

Unsupervised Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection consists in identifying anomalous regions in images leveraging only models trained on images of healthy anatomy. An established approach is to tokenize images and model the distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Sergio Naval Marimont , Vasilis Siomos , Giacomo Tarroni

Improving out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization during in-distribution (ID) adaptation is a primary goal of robust fine-tuning of zero-shot models beyond naive fine-tuning. However, despite decent OOD generalization performance from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Changdae Oh , Hyesu Lim , Mijoo Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun , Jaegul Choo , Alexander Hauptmann , Zhi-Qi Cheng , Kyungwoo Song

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection identifies test samples that differ from the training data, which is critical to ensuring the safety and reliability of machine learning (ML) systems. While a plethora of methods have been developed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Viet Duong , Qiong Wu , Zhengyi Zhou , Eric Zavesky , Jiahe Chen , Xiangzhou Liu , Wen-Ling Hsu , Huajie Shao

Out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness is a critical challenge for modern machine learning systems, particularly as they increasingly operate in multimodal settings involving inputs like video, audio, and sensor data. Currently, many OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuehan Qin , Li Li , Defu Cao , Tiankai Yang , Jiate Li , Yue Zhao

When applying deep learning models in open-world scenarios, active learning (AL) strategies are crucial for identifying label candidates from a nearly infinite amount of unlabeled data. In this context, robust out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sebastian Schmidt , Leonard Schenk , Leo Schwinn , Stephan Günnemann

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is important for machine learning models deployed in the wild. Recent methods use auxiliary outlier data to regularize the model for improved OOD detection. However, these approaches make a strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Julian Katz-Samuels , Julia Nakhleh , Robert Nowak , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jingkang Yang , Pengyun Wang , Dejian Zou , Zitang Zhou , Kunyuan Ding , Wenxuan Peng , Haoqi Wang , Guangyao Chen , Bo Li , Yiyou Sun , Xuefeng Du , Kaiyang Zhou , Wayne Zhang , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the key to deploying models safely in the open world. For OOD detection, collecting sufficient in-distribution (ID) labeled data is usually more time-consuming and costly than unlabeled data. When ID…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Rundong He , Rongxue Li , Zhongyi Han , Yilong Yin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for reliable machine learning. Recent advances in representation learning give rise to distance-based OOD detection, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Yifei Ming , Yiyou Sun , Ousmane Dia , Yixuan Li

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled In-Distribution (ID) training samples, which is crucial for developing a safe real-world machine learning system. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ying Yang , De Cheng , Chaowei Fang , Yubiao Wang , Changzhe Jiao , Lechao Cheng , Nannan Wang

Understanding the decision-making and trusting the reliability of Deep Machine Learning Models is crucial for adopting such methods to safety-relevant applications. We extend self-explainable Prototypical Variational models with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Conrad Orglmeister , Erik Bochinski , Volker Eiselein , Elvira Fleig

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of deploying machine learning models safely. It has been extensively studied with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. This problem is tackled with an OOD score…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jingqiu Zhou , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

Open-world classification systems should discern out-of-distribution (OOD) data whose labels deviate from those of in-distribution (ID) cases, motivating recent studies in OOD detection. Advanced works, despite their promising progress, may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Qizhou Wang , Zhen Fang , Yonggang Zhang , Feng Liu , Yixuan Li , Bo Han