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The progress of AI is bottlenecked by the quality of evaluation, making powerful LLM-as-a-Judge models a core solution. The efficacy of these judges depends on their chain-of-thought reasoning, creating a critical need for methods that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chenxi Whitehouse , Tianlu Wang , Ping Yu , Xian Li , Jason Weston , Ilia Kulikov , Swarnadeep Saha

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes decision-making contexts. While prior work has shown that LLMs exhibit cognitive biases behaviorally, whether these biases correspond to identifiable internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Fan Huang , Songheng Zhang , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as automatic judges to evaluate system outputs in tasks such as summarization, dialogue, and creative writing. A faithful judge should base its verdicts solely on response quality and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Arash Marioriyad , Mohammad Hossein Rohban , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Detecting stereotypes and biases in Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance fairness and reduce adverse impacts on individuals or groups when these LLMs are applied. However, the majority of existing methods focus on measuring the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Yanhong Bai , Jiabao Zhao , Jinxin Shi , Tingjiang Wei , Xingjiao Wu , Liang He

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, reliable evaluation methods are essential particularly for open-ended, instruction-following tasks. LLM-as-a-Judge enables automatic evaluation using LLMs as evaluators, but its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yusuke Yamauchi , Taro Yano , Masafumi Oyamada

We present AutoBench, a fully automated and self-sustaining framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) through reciprocal peer assessment. This paper provides a rigorous scientific validation of the AutoBench methodology,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Dario Loi , Elena Maria Muià , Federico Siciliano , Giovanni Trappolini , Vincenzo Crisà , Peter Kruger , Fabrizio Silvestri

Large language models (LLMs) have become a standard for multilingual evaluation, yet they exhibit a severe systematic translationese bias. In this paper, translationese bias is characterized as LLMs systematically favoring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Hongbin Zhang , Kehai Chen , Xuefen Bai , Youcheng Pan , Yang Xiang , Jinpeng Wang , Min Zhang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) like DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI-o1 have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, raising important questions about their biases in LLM-as-a-judge settings. We present a comprehensive benchmark comparing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Qian Wang , Zhanzhi Lou , Zhenheng Tang , Nuo Chen , Xuandong Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Dawn Song , Bingsheng He

Predictive analysis is a cornerstone of modern decision-making, with applications in various domains. Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in enabling nuanced, knowledge-intensive conversations, thus aiding in complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Qin Chen , Yuanyi Ren , Xiaojun Ma , Yuyang Shi

Legal judgment prediction is essential for enhancing judicial efficiency. In this work, we identify that existing large language models (LLMs) underperform in this domain due to challenges in understanding case complexities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Chenlong Deng , Kelong Mao , Yuyao Zhang , Zhicheng Dou

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

As students increasingly adopt large language models (LLMs) as learning aids, it is crucial to build models that are adept at handling the nuances of tutoring: they need to identify the core needs of students, be adaptive, provide…

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators (LLM-as-a-judge) has revealed critical inconsistencies in current evaluation frameworks. We identify two fundamental types of inconsistencies: (1) Score-Comparison…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yidong Wang , Yunze Song , Tingyuan Zhu , Xuanwang Zhang , Zhuohao Yu , Hao Chen , Chiyu Song , Qiufeng Wang , Cunxiang Wang , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai , Yue Zhang , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

The LLM-as-a-judge paradigm, in which a judge LLM system replaces human raters in rating the outputs of other generative AI (GenAI) systems, plays a critical role in scaling and standardizing GenAI evaluations. To validate such judge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luke Guerdan , Solon Barocas , Kenneth Holstein , Hanna Wallach , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Alexandra Chouldechova

LLM-as-a-judge is a framework where a large language model (LLM) evaluates the output of another LLM. While LLMs excel at producing qualitative textual evaluations, they often struggle to predict human preferences and numeric scores. We…

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Large Language Model (LLM) based judges form the underpinnings of key safety evaluation processes such as offline benchmarking, automated red-teaming, and online guardrailing. This widespread requirement raises the crucial question: can we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Francisco Eiras , Eliott Zemour , Eric Lin , Vaikkunth Mugunthan

As large language models take on growing roles as automated evaluators in practical settings, a critical question arises: Can individuals persuade an LLM judge to assign unfairly high scores? This study is the first to reveal that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yerin Hwang , Dongryeol Lee , Taegwan Kang , Yongil Kim , Kyomin Jung

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators of reasoning quality, yet their reliability and bias in payments-risk settings remain poorly understood. We introduce a structured multi-evaluator framework for assessing LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Liang Wang , Junpeng Wang , Chin-chia Michael Yeh , Yan Zheng , Jiarui Sun , Xiran Fan , Xin Dai , Yujie Fan , Yiwei Cai

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly applied to complex strategic environments that demand long-horizon reasoning, multi-agent interaction, and decision-making under uncertainty. However, common existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenjie Tang , Yuan Zhou , Erqiang Xu , Keyan Cheng , Minne Li , Liquan Xiao
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