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Although reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology for shaping the propagation environment, it consists of a single-layer structure within inherent limitations regarding the number of beam steering patterns. Based…

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) represent transformative technologies for next-generation wireless communications, offering advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation. While RIS have been extensively studied, Stacked…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-12 Andrea Abrardo , Giulio Bartoli , Alberto Toccafondi

The deployment of Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Arrays for 6G enables radiative near-field sensing but poses significant challenges in terms of hardware complexity and interference. Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIMs) address these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Andrea Abrardo , Bartoli Giulio

Semantic communication systems aim to transmit task-relevant information between devices capable of artificial intelligence, but their performance can degrade when heterogeneous transmitter-receiver models produce misaligned latent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-08 Mario Edoardo Pandolfo , Kyriakos Stylianopoulos , George C. Alexandropoulos , Paolo Di Lorenzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently gained attention as a paradigm for wave-domain signal processing with reduced reliance on costly radio-frequency (RF) chains. However, conventional SIMs rely on uniform inter-layer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Hong Niu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

A novel technology based on stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) has recently emerged. This platform involves cascading multiple metasurfaces, each acting as a digitally programmable physical layer within a diffractive neural network. SIM…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 Donatella Darsena , Francesco Verde , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi

The fusion of cognitive radio (CR) and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), enabled by stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs), offers a promising path for multi-functional programmable front ends in 6G and beyond. In this paper we…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-19 Alireza Fadakar , Andreas F. Molisch

Near-field electromagnetic focusing is central to 6G communication, sensing, and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems. However, for a fixed aperture, the resolution-constrained usable range of conventional single-layer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yajun Zhao

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems rely on digital or hybrid digital and analog designs for beamforming against frequency-selective fading, which suffer from high hardware…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Zheao Li , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen

The recent combination of the rising architectures, known as stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) and holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO), drives toward breakthroughs for next-generation wireless communication systems. Given…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Anastasios Papazafeiropoulos , Pandelis Kourtessis , Dimitra I. Kaklamani , Iakovos S. Venieris

Large-scale multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems are capable of achieving high date rate. However, given the high hardware cost and excessive power consumption of massive MIMO systems, as a remedy, intelligent metasurfaces have…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) are capable of emulating reconfigurable physical neural networks by relying on electromagnetic (EM) waves as carriers. They can also perform various complex computational and signal processing tasks. A…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Yong Liang Guan , Marco Di Renzo , Mérouane Debbah , H. Vincent Poor , Lajos Hanzo

This paper develops a multi-port S-parameter framework for the analysis and optimization of stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) with unilateral active interconnections. By modeling each unit cell as a non-reciprocal two-port network,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Andrea Abrardo , Giulio Bartoli , Alberto Toccafondi , Marco Di Renzo

Intelligent metasurfaces have demonstrated great promise in revolutionizing wireless communications. One notable example is the two-dimensional (2D) programmable metasurface, which is also known as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jiancheng An , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui , Zhi Ning Chen , Chau Yuen

We investigate the achievable rate (AR) of a stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM)-aided holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) system by jointly optimizing the SIM phase shifts and power allocation. Contrary to earlier studies…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-14 Eduard E. Bahingayi , Nemanja Stefan Perović , Le-Nam Tran

The integration of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) into future wireless communication systems offers promising capabilities in dynamic environment shaping and spectrum efficiency. In this work, we present a consistent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Ivan Iudice , Giacinto Gelli , Donatella Darsena

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging technology that uses multiple reconfigurable surface layers to enable flexible wave-based beamforming. In this paper, we focus on an \ac{SIM}-assisted multi-user multiple-input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-22 Nipuni Ginige , Prathapasinghe Dharmawansa , Arthur Sousa de Sena , Nurul Huda Mahmood , Nandana Rajatheva , Matti Latva-aho

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) and fluid antenna systems (FAS) are emerging technologies for wave-domain and spatial signal manipulation, respectively.This letter proposes a novel joint SIM-FAS communication model in which…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Anastasios Papazafeiropoulos

The stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) emerges as an innovative technology with the ability to directly manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wave signals, drawing parallels to the operational principles of artificial neural networks (ANN).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-26 Xiaolei Yang , Jiayi Zhang , Enyu Shi , Ziheng Liu , Jun Liu , Kang Zheng , Bo Ai

To improve the efficiency of scarce radio-frequency (RF) resources in next-generation wireless systems, an intelligent transceiver architecture based on stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) has recently emerged, where multiple…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Muhammad Ibrahim , Amine Mezghani , Ekram Hossain