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Bus factor is a metric that identifies how resilient is the project to the sudden engineer turnover. It states the minimal number of engineers that have to be hit by a bus for a project to be stalled. Even though the metric is often…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Elgun Jabrayilzade , Mikhail Evtikhiev , Eray Tüzün , Vladimir Kovalenko

The bus-factor is a critical risk indicator that quantifies how many key contributors a project can afford to lose before core knowledge or functionality is compromised. Despite its practical importance, accurately computing the bus-factor…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Sebastiano Antonio Piccolo

A critical issue faced by open-source software projects is the risk of key personnel leaving the project. This risk is exacerbated in large projects that have been under development for a long time and experienced growth in their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Aliza Lisan , Boyana Norris

Bus factor (BF) is a metric that tracks knowledge distribution in a project. It is the minimal number of engineers that have to leave for a project to stall. Despite the fact that there are several algorithms for calculating the bus factor,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Egor Klimov , Muhammad Umair Ahmed , Nikolai Sviridov , Pouria Derakhshanfar , Eray Tüzün , Vladimir Kovalenko

The planning of attractive and cost efficient public transport systems is a highly complex optimization process involving many steps. Integrating robustness from a passenger's point of view makes the task even more challenging. With…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Matthias Müller-Hannemann , Ralf Rückert , Alexander Schiewe , Anita Schöbel

Truck Factor (TF) is a metric proposed by the agile community as a tool to identify concentration of knowledge in software development environments. It states the minimal number of developers that have to be hit by a truck (or quit) before…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-07 Guilherme Avelino , Leonardo Passos , Andre Hora , Marco Tulio Valente

Engineering projects are the result of the combined effort of their members. Yet, it has been documented that labor division withing projects is unevenly distributed: some project members are specialists undertaking only few tasks, whereas…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sebastiano A. Piccolo , Giorgio Terracina

We study real-time routing policies in smart transit systems, where the platform has a combination of cars and high-capacity vehicles (e.g., buses or shuttles) and seeks to serve a set of incoming trip requests. The platform can use its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-22 Siddhartha Banerjee , Chamsi Hssaine , Noémie Périvier , Samitha Samaranayake

With the growing realization that transport systems must operate satisfactorily not only in typical situations, but also in adverse circumstances, ensuring redundancies in road systems has gained crucial importance. In this context, several…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-12-04 André Borgato Morelli , André Luiz Cunha

We present a statistical testing framework to detect if a given machine learning classifier fails to satisfy a wide range of group fairness notions. The proposed test is a flexible, interpretable, and statistically rigorous tool for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-03 Nian Si , Karthyek Murthy , Jose Blanchet , Viet Anh Nguyen

In safety-critical deep learning applications, robustness measures the ability of neural models that handle imperceptible perturbations in input data, which may lead to potential safety hazards. Existing pre-deployment robustness assessment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wenchuan Mu , Kwan Hui Lim

Predicting future bus trip chains for an existing user is of great significance for operators of public transit systems. Existing methods always treat this task as a time-series prediction problem, but the 1-dimensional time series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Xiannan Huang , Yixin Chen , Quan Yuan , Chao Yang

Reorganizing bus frequency to cater for the actual travel demand can save the cost of the public transport system significantly. Many, if not all, existing studies formulate this as a bus frequency optimization problem which tries to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Songsong Mo , Zhifeng Bao , Baihua Zheng , Zhiyong Peng

Factor graphs are a ubiquitous tool for multi-source inference in robotics and multi-sensor networks. They allow for heterogeneous measurements from many sources to be concurrently represented as factors in the state posterior distribution,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Jesse Milzman , Andre Harrison , Carlos Nieto-Granda , John Rogers

Robustness of a distributed computing system is defined as the ability to maintain its performance in the presence of uncertain parameters. Uncertainty is a key problem in heterogeneous (and even homogeneous) distributed computing systems…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Ali Mokhtari , Chavit Denninnart , Mohsen Amini Salehi

We consider a stylized formal model of public transportation, where a set of agents need to travel along a given road, and there is a bus that runs the length of this road. Each agent has a left terminal and a right terminal between which…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Martin Bullinger , Edith Elkind , Mohamad Latifian

An important aspect of public bus transit is its reliability of being on-time, which has a major impact on bus ridership. Currently, there is no unified national standard to measure bus on-time performance in the United States. This paper…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-12-23 Snehanshu Banerjee , Mohammadreza Jabehdari , Ross Turlington , Cole Greene

Achieving safety is a critical aspect of attaining autonomy in a platoon of autonomous vehicles. In this paper, we propose a distributionally robust risk framework to investigate cascading failures in platoons. To examine the impact of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-12 Vivek Pandey , Guangyi Liu , Arash Amini , Nader Motee

The speed-robust scheduling problem is a two-stage problem where given $m$ machines, jobs must be grouped into at most $m$ bags while the processing speeds of the given $m$ machines are unknown. After the speeds are revealed, the grouped…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Franziska Eberle , Ruben Hoeksma , Nicole Megow , Lukas Nölke , Kevin Schewior , Bertrand Simon

Modelling passenger assignments in public transport networks is a fundamental task for city planners, especially when deliberating network infrastructure decisions. A key aspect of a realistic model is to integrate passengers' selfish…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Tobias Harks , Sven Jäger , Michael Markl , Philine Schiewe
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