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Federated fine-tuning (FFT) of large language models (LLMs) has recently emerged as a promising solution to enable domain-specific adaptation while preserving data privacy. Despite its benefits, FFT on resource-constrained clients relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Manning Zhu , Songtao Guo , Pengzhan Zhou , Yansong Ning , Chang Han , Dewen Qiao

Scaling inference compute enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs), with long chains-of-thought (CoTs) enabling strategies like backtracking and error correction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Edward Yeo , Yuxuan Tong , Morry Niu , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

We study continued training and supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of a language model (LM) to make effective use of long-context information. We first establish a reliable evaluation protocol to guide model development -- instead of perplexity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Tianyu Gao , Alexander Wettig , Howard Yen , Danqi Chen

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a common approach to improve the domain-specific question-answering (QA) performance of large language models (LLMs). However, recent literature reveals that due to the conflicts between LLMs' internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Qihuang Zhong , Liang Ding , Xiantao Cai , Juhua Liu , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

Despite the effectiveness of data selection for large language models (LLMs) during pretraining and instruction fine-tuning phases, improving data efficiency in supervised fine-tuning (SFT) for specialized domains poses significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yu Yang , Siddhartha Mishra , Jeffrey N Chiang , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) component has become significant for complex reasoning tasks. However, in conventional Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), the model could allocate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Xiaofeng Shi , Qian Kou , Yuduo Li , Hua Zhou

Developing a generalized segmentation model capable of simultaneously delineating multiple organs and diseases is highly desirable. Federated learning (FL) is a key technology enabling the collaborative development of a model without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Pochuan Wang , Chen Shen , Weichung Wang , Masahiro Oda , Chiou-Shann Fuh , Kensaku Mori , Holger R. Roth

Knowledge distillation is central to LLM post-training, yet its design space remains poorly understood, especially alongside reinforcement learning (RL). We show that the prevailing paradigms, off-policy distillation and on-policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Anhao Zhao , Haoran Xin , Yingqi Fan , Junlong Tong , Wenjie Li , Xiaoyu Shen

Knowledge distillation improves large language model (LLM) reasoning by compressing the knowledge of a teacher LLM to train smaller LLMs. On-policy distillation advances this approach by having the student sample its own trajectories while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Siyan Zhao , Zhihui Xie , Mengchen Liu , Jing Huang , Guan Pang , Feiyu Chen , Aditya Grover

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable advancements by leveraging tools to interact with environments, a critical step toward generalized AI. However, the standard supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approach, which relies on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Junjie Ye , Yilong Wu , Sixian Li , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan , Zhengyin Du

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is crucial for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human instructions. The primary goal during SFT is to select a small yet representative subset of training data from the larger pool, such that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Tingyu Xia , Bowen Yu , Kai Dang , An Yang , Yuan Wu , Yuan Tian , Yi Chang , Junyang Lin

Knowledge distillation from LLMs is essential for the efficient deployment of language models. Prior works have proposed data generation using LLMs for preparing distilled models. We argue that generating data with LLMs is prone to sampling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Mohsen Gholami , Mohammad Akbari , Cindy Hu , Vaden Masrani , Z. Jane Wang , Yong Zhang

We introduce a novel approach to large language model (LLM) distillation by formulating it as a constrained reinforcement learning problem. While recent work has begun exploring the integration of task-specific rewards into distillation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Matthieu Zimmer , Xiaotong Ji , Tu Nguyen , Haitham Bou Ammar

The quality of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) data plays a critical role in enhancing the conversational capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, as LLMs become more advanced, the availability of high-quality human-annotated SFT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Maosong Cao , Taolin Zhang , Mo Li , Chuyu Zhang , Yunxin Liu , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Financial sentiment analysis refers to classifying financial text contents into sentiment categories (e.g. positive, negative, and neutral). In this paper, we focus on the classification of financial news title, which is a challenging task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Wei Luo , Dihong Gong

The increasing demand for domain-specific and human-aligned Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to the widespread adoption of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) techniques. SFT datasets often comprise valuable instruction-response pairs, making…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zongjie Li , Daoyuan Wu , Shuai Wang , Zhendong Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have displayed remarkable performances across various complex tasks by leveraging Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting. Recently, studies have proposed a Knowledge Distillation (KD) approach, reasoning distillation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Hojae Lee , Junho Kim , SangKeun Lee

The detection of mental health problems from social media and the interpretation of these results have been extensively explored. Research has shown that incorporating clinical symptom information into a model enhances domain expertise,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hoyun Song , Huije Lee , Jisu Shin , Sukmin Cho , Changgeon Ko , Jong C. Park

This survey paper delves into the emerging and critical area of symbolic knowledge distillation in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs like Generative Pre-trained Transformer-3 (GPT-3) and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Kamal Acharya , Alvaro Velasquez , Houbing Herbert Song

With the rise of deep learning, large datasets and complex models have become common, requiring significant computing power. To address this, data distillation has emerged as a technique to quickly train models with lower memory and time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Shivam Sahni , Harsh Patel