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We present gg-bench, a collection of game environments designed to evaluate general reasoning capabilities in language models. Unlike most static benchmarks, gg-bench is a data generating process where new evaluation instances can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Vivek Verma , David Huang , William Chen , Dan Klein , Nicholas Tomlin

Game development sits at the intersection of creative design and intricate software engineering, demanding the joint orchestration of game engines, real-time loops, and tightly coupled state across many files. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yilei Jiang , Jinyuan Hu , Qianyin Xiao , Yaozhi Zheng , Ruize Ma , Kaituo Feng , Jiaming Han , Tianshuo Peng , Kaixuan Fan , Manyuan Zhang , Xiangyu Yue

Deep learning agents can achieve high performance in complex game domains without often understanding the underlying causal game mechanics. To address this, we investigate Causal Induction: the ability to infer governing laws from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mohit Jiwatode , Alexander Dockhorn , Bodo Rosenhahn

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) enables game content to be created algorithmically without direct manual level-design effort, but it introduces a serious evaluation problem: generated content may become unbalanced, blocked, repetitive,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rishabh Kar

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong results in code generation, but their ability to generate GUI applications, especially games, remains insufficiently studied. Existing benchmarks mainly evaluate correctness through test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhiyuan Peng , Wei Tao , Xin Yin , Chenhao Ying , Yuan Luo , Yiwen Guo

Computational cognitive models, which formalize theories of cognition, enable researchers to quantify cognitive processes and arbitrate between competing theories by fitting models to behavioral data. Traditionally, these models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Milena Rmus , Akshay K. Jagadish , Marvin Mathony , Tobias Ludwig , Eric Schulz

We introduce GVGAI-LLM, a video game benchmark for evaluating the reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Built on the General Video Game AI framework, it features a diverse collection of arcade-style…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuchen Li , Cong Lin , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Philip Bontrager , Jialin Liu , Julian Togelius

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in generating program code, opening exciting opportunities for applying program synthesis to games. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs to directly synthesize usable…

People enjoy encounters with generative software, but rarely are they encouraged to interact with, understand or engage with it. In this paper we define the term 'PCG-based game', and explain how this concept follows on from the idea of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-12 Michael Cook , Mirjam Eladhari , Andy Nealen , Mike Treanor , Eddy Boxerman , Alex Jaffe , Paul Sottosanti , Steve Swink

Procedural content generation (PCG) is a growing field, with numerous applications in the video game industry and great potential to help create better games at a fraction of the cost of manual creation. However, much of the work in PCG is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Michael Beukman , Manuel Fokam , Marcel Kruger , Guy Axelrod , Muhammad Nasir , Branden Ingram , Benjamin Rosman , Steven James

Many advancements have been made in procedural content generation for games, and with mixed-initiative co-creativity, have the potential for great benefits to human designers. However, co-creative systems for game generation are typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Rohan Agarwal , Zhiyu Lin , Mark Riedl

This paper studies how large language models (LLMs) can act as effective, high-level creative collaborators and ``muses'' for game design. We model the design of this study after the exercises artists use by looking at amorphous ink…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Asad Anjum , Yuting Li , Noelle Law , M Charity , Julian Togelius

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) has advanced from text-to-image generation to text-to-video and multimodal video synthesis. However, generating playable games presents significant challenges due to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Mingyu Yang , Junyou Li , Zhongbin Fang , Sheng Chen , Yangbin Yu , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang , Deheng Ye

Current coding benchmarks often inflate Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities due to static paradigms and data contamination, enabling models to exploit statistical shortcuts rather than genuine reasoning. To address this, we introduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xinyue Zheng , Haowei Lin , Shaofei Cai , Zilong Zheng , Yaodong Yang , Yitao Liang

Generative AI can be used in multi-actor environments with purposes ranging from social science modeling to interactive narrative and AI evaluation. Supporting this diversity of use cases -- which we classify as Simulationist, Dramatist,…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for high-stakes decision-making, yet existing approaches struggle to reconcile scalability, interpretability, and reproducibility. Black-box models obscure their reasoning, while recent…

Recent Language Models (LMs) achieve breakthrough performance in code generation when trained on human-authored problems, even solving some competitive-programming problems. Self-play has proven useful in games such as Go, and thus it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Patrick Haluptzok , Matthew Bowers , Adam Tauman Kalai

Game UI design requires consistent visual assets across rarity tiers yet remains a predominantly manual process. We present GameUIAgent, an LLM-powered agentic framework that translates natural language descriptions into editable Figma…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wei Zeng , Fengwei An , Zhen Liu , Jian Zhao

Game engines support video game development by providing functionalities such as graphics rendering or input/output device management. However, their architectures are often overlooked, which hinders their integration and extension. In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Gabriel C. Ullmann , Yann-Gaël Guéhéneuc , Fabio Petrillo , Nicolas Anquetil , Cristiano Politowski

In this work, we investigate the capacity of language models to generate explicit, interpretable, and interactive world models of scientific and common-sense reasoning tasks. We operationalize this as a task of generating text games,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Ruoyao Wang , Graham Todd , Eric Yuan , Ziang Xiao , Marc-Alexandre Côté , Peter Jansen