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The impressive pace of advance of quantum technology calls for robust and scalable techniques for the characterization and validation of quantum hardware. Quantum process tomography, the reconstruction of an unknown quantum channel from…

Based on recently introduced efficient quantum state tomography schemes, we propose a scalable method for the tomography of unitary processes and the reconstruction of one-dimensional local Hamiltonians. As opposed to the exponential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-30 M. Holzäpfel , T. Baumgratz , M. Cramer , M. B. Plenio

As progress is made towards the first generation of error-corrected quantum computers, robust characterization and validation protocols are required to assess the noise environments of physical quantum processors. While standard coherence…

Efficiently characterizing large quantum states and processes is a central yet notoriously challenging task in quantum information science, as conventional tomography methods typically require resources that grow exponentially with system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Chenyang Li , Shengxin Zhuang , Yukun Zhang , Jingbo B. Wang , Xiao Yuan , Yusen Wu , Chuan Wang

Extracting information efficiently from quantum systems is a major component of quantum information processing tasks. Randomized measurements, or classical shadows, enable predicting many properties of arbitrary quantum states using few…

Quantum state tomography is a daunting challenge of experimental quantum computing even in moderate system size. One way to boost the efficiency of state tomography is via local measurements on reduced density matrices, but the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-03 Tao Xin , Sirui Lu , Ningping Cao , Galit Anikeeva , Dawei Lu , Jun Li , Guilu Long , Bei Zeng

Spurious couplings and decoherence degrade the performance of solid-state quantum processors, demanding careful design, calibration, and mitigation protocols. These strategies often rely on characterization of the idling processor, but…

In this work we propose a simple optical architecture, based on phase-only programmable spatial light modulators, in order to characterize general processes on photonic spatial quantum systems in a $d>2$ Hilbert space. We demonstrate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-27 Juan José Miguel Varga , Lorena Rebón , Quimey Pears Stefano , Claudio Iemmi

Characterization of noise in current near-term quantum devices is of paramount importance to fully use their computational power. However, direct quantum process tomography becomes unfeasible for systems composed of tens of qubits. A…

We present a robust shadow estimation protocol for wide classes of low-depth measurement circuits that mitigates noise as long as the effective measurement map including noise is locally unitarily invariant. This is in practice an excellent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Renato M. S. Farias , Raghavendra D. Peddinti , Ingo Roth , Leandro Aolita

Quantum noise is currently limiting efficient quantum information processing and computation. In this work, we consider the tasks of reconstructing and classifying quantum states corrupted by the action of an unknown noisy channel using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Angela Rosy Morgillo , Stefano Mangini , Marco Piastra , Chiara Macchiavello

Quantum process tomography is often used to completely characterize an unknown quantum process. However, it may lead to an unphysical process matrix, which will cause the loss of information respect to the tomography result. Convex…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-13 Xuan-Lun Huang , Jun Gao , Zhi-Qiang Jiao , Zeng-Quan Yan , Ling Ji , Xian-Min Jin

Quantum process tomography (QPT), where a quantum channel is reconstructed through the analysis of repeated quantum measurements, is an important tool for validating the operation of a quantum processor. We detail the combined use of an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-14 Aidan Dang , Gregory A. L. White , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg , Charles D. Hill

The reliable characterization of quantum states is a fundamental task in quantum information science. For this purpose, quantum state tomography provides a standard framework for reconstructing quantum states from measurement data, yet it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Yixuan Hu , Mengru Ma , Jiangwei Shang

Characterization of quantum objects, being them states, processes, or measurements, complemented by previous knowledge about them is a valuable approach, especially as it leads to routine procedures for real-life components. To this end,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-28 Massimiliano Guarneri , Ilaria Gianani , Marco Barbieri , Andrea Chiuri

The temporal evolution of a quantum system can be characterized by quantum process tomography, a complex task that consumes a number of physical resources scaling exponentially with the number of subsystems. An alternative approach to the…

Quantum process characterization is a fundamental task in quantum information processing, yet conventional methods, such as quantum process tomography, require prohibitive resources and lack scalability. Here, we introduce an efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-11 Yusen Wu , Yukun Zhang , Chuan Wang , Xiao Yuan

Characterising quantum processes is a key task in and constitutes a challenge for the development of quantum technologies, especially at the noisy intermediate scale of today's devices. One method for characterising processes is randomised…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Ingo Roth , Richard Kueng , Shelby Kimmel , Yi-Kai Liu , David Gross , Jens Eisert , Martin Kliesch

The error model of a quantum computer is essential for optimizing quantum algorithms to minimize the impact of errors using quantum error correction or error mitigation. Noise with temporal correlations, e.g. low-frequency noise and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Mingxia Huo , Ying Li

Classical shadow tomography is a powerful randomized measurement protocol for predicting many properties of a quantum state with few measurements. Two classical shadow protocols have been extensively studied in the literature: the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You
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