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Quantum circuit compilation comprises many computationally hard reasoning tasks that nonetheless lie inside #$\mathbf{P}$ and its decision counterpart in $\mathbf{PP}$. The classical simulation of general quantum circuits is a core example.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Jingyi Mei , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

Recent work has explored using the stabilizer formalism to classically simulate quantum circuits containing a few non-Clifford gates. The computational cost of such methods is directly related to the notion of stabilizer rank, which for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sergey Bravyi , Dan Browne , Padraic Calpin , Earl Campbell , David Gosset , Mark Howard

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about ZX-diagrams, a type of tensor networks that can represent arbitrary linear maps between qubits. Using the ZX-calculus, we can intuitively reason about quantum theory, and optimise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-04 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

Classical simulation of quantum computation is necessary for studying the numerical behavior of quantum algorithms, as there does not yet exist a large viable quantum computer on which to perform numerical tests. Tensor network (TN)…

Classical simulation of quantum circuits is a pivotal part of the quantum computing landscape, specially within the NISQ era, where the constraints imposed by available hardware are unavoidable. The Gottesman-Knill theorem further motivates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Fernando Lima , Arcesio Castañeda Medina

With the current rate of progress in quantum computing technologies, systems with more than 50 qubits will soon become reality. Computing ideal quantum state amplitudes for circuits of such and larger sizes is a fundamental step to assess…

Reducing the number of non-Clifford quantum gates present in a circuit is an important task for efficiently implementing quantum computations, especially in the fault-tolerant regime. We present a new method for reducing the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-13 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

Classical simulation is essential in quantum algorithm development and quantum device verification. With the increasing complexity and diversity of quantum circuit structures, existing classical simulation algorithms need to be improved and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yaojian Chen , Zhaoqi Sun , Chengyu Qiu , Zegang Li , Yanfei Liu , Lin Gan , Xiaohui Duan , Guangwen Yang

Quantum circuits are considered more powerful than classical circuits and require exponential resources to simulate classically. Clifford circuits are a special class of quantum circuits that can be simulated in polynomial time but still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Yuchen Pang , Edgar Solomonik

Quantum computing is an emerging technology in which quantum mechanical properties are suitably utilized to perform certain compute-intensive operations faster than classical computers. Quantum algorithms are designed as a combination of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Aravind Joshi , Akshara Kairali , Renju Raju , Adithya Athreya , Reena Monica P , Sanjay Vishwakarma , Srinjoy Ganguly

The ability to efficiently simulate random quantum circuits using a classical computer is increasingly important for developing Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices. Here we present a tensor network states based algorithm specifically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Chu Guo , Youwei Zhao , He-Liang Huang

Quantum computers allow a near-exponential speed-up for specific applications when compared to classical computers. Despite recent advances in the hardware of quantum computers, their practical usage is still severely limited due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Tobias Fischbach , Pierre Talbot , Pascal Bouvry

We introduce the Scalable ZX-calculus (SZX-calculus for short), a formal and compact graphical language for the design and verification of quantum computations. The SZX-calculus is an extension of the ZX-calculus, a powerful framework that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-31 Titouan Carette , Dominic Horsman , Simon Perdrix

ZX-diagrams are a powerful graphical language for the description of quantum processes with applications in fundamental quantum mechanics, quantum circuit optimization, tensor network simulation, and many more. The utility of ZX-diagrams…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Maximilian Nägele , Florian Marquardt

Quantum computing promises significant speed-ups for certain algorithms but the practical use of current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era computers remains limited by resources constraints (e.g., noise, qubits, gates, and circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Tobias Fischbach , Pierre Talbot , Pascal Bouvry

The ZX calculus and ZH calculus use diagrams to denote and compute properties of quantum operations, using `rewrite rules' to transform between diagrams which denote the same operator through a functorial semantic map. Different semantic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-26 Niel de Beaudrap , Richard D. P. East

A general quantum circuit can be simulated classically in exponential time. If it has a planar layout, then a tensor-network contraction algorithm due to Markov and Shi has a runtime exponential in the square root of its size, or more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 David Gosset , Daniel Grier , Alex Kerzner , Luke Schaeffer

Diagrammatic representations of quantum algorithms and circuits offer novel approaches to their design and analysis. In this work, we describe extensions of the ZX-calculus especially suitable for parameterized quantum circuits, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Tobias Stollenwerk , Stuart Hadfield

In 2008 Coecke and Duncan proposed the graphical ZX-calculus rewrite system which came to formalize reasoning with quantum circuits, measurements and quantum states. The ZX-calculus is sound for qubit quantum mechanics. Hence, equality of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 J Biamonte , A Nasrallah

Quantum computing is an emerging computational paradigm with the potential to outperform classical computers in solving a variety of problems. To achieve this, quantum programs are typically represented as quantum circuits, which must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Valter Uotila , Cong Yu , Bo Zhao