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How much data is required to learn the structure of a language via next-token prediction? We study this question for synthetic datasets generated via a Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG) -- a tree-like generative model that captures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Francesco Cagnetta , Matthieu Wyart

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has proven highly effective at enhancing the complex reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), yet underlying mechanisms driving this success remain largely opaque. Our analysis reveals that puzzling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haozhe Wang , Qixin Xu , Che Liu , Junhong Wu , Fangzhen Lin , Wenhu Chen

The generation of texts using Large Language Models (LLMs) is inherently uncertain, with sources of uncertainty being not only the generation of texts, but also the prompt used and the downstream interpretation. Within this work, we provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Steffen Herbold , Florian Lemmerich

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have sparked interest in the parallels between large language models (LLMs) and human neural processing, particularly in language comprehension. While prior research has established…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Gavin Mischler , Yinghao Aaron Li , Stephan Bickel , Ashesh D. Mehta , Nima Mesgarani

We explore story generation: creative systems that can build coherent and fluent passages of text about a topic. We collect a large dataset of 300K human-written stories paired with writing prompts from an online forum. Our dataset enables…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Angela Fan , Mike Lewis , Yann Dauphin

We investigate the internal structure of language model computations using causal analysis and demonstrate two motifs: (1) a form of adaptive computation where ablations of one attention layer of a language model cause another layer to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Thomas McGrath , Matthew Rahtz , Janos Kramar , Vladimir Mikulik , Shane Legg

Pretraining on large, semantically rich datasets is key for developing language models. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that even synthetic data, generated procedurally through simple semantic-free algorithms, can yield some of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zachary Shinnick , Liangze Jiang , Hemanth Saratchandran , Anton van den Hengel , Damien Teney

Assessing the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) in performing different tasks is crucial for understanding their strengths and weaknesses. This paper presents Hierarchical Prompting Taxonomy (HPT), grounded on human cognitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Devichand Budagam , Ashutosh Kumar , Mahsa Khoshnoodi , Sankalp KJ , Vinija Jain , Aman Chadha

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate textual explanations of process models discovered from event logs. Producing explanations from large behavioral abstractions (e.g., directly-follows graphs or Petri nets) can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 P. van Oerle , R. H. Bemthuis , F. A. Bukhsh

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) poses new challenges over logical reasoning, which aims to understand the implicit logical relations entailed in the given contexts and perform inference over them. Due to the complexity of logic, logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Jialin Chen , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Due to the advantages of hypergraphs in modeling high-order relationships in complex systems, they have been applied to higher-order clustering, hypergraph neural networks and computer vision. These applications rely heavily on access to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Bingqiao Gu , Jiale Zeng , Xingqin Qi , Dong Li

Despite the success of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in image synthesis, there lacks enough understanding on what generative models have learned inside the deep generative representations and how photo-realistic images are able to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Ceyuan Yang , Yujun Shen , Bolei Zhou

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to high-quality Machine-Generated Text (MGT), giving rise to countless new use cases and applications. However, easy access to LLMs is posing new challenges due to misuse. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Areg Mikael Sarvazyan , José Ángel González , Marc Franco-Salvador

Prior work has found that pretrained language models (LMs) fine-tuned with different random seeds can achieve similar in-domain performance but generalize differently on tests of syntactic generalization. In this work, we show that, even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Adithya Bhaskar , Dan Friedman , Danqi Chen

Speech production requires the rapid coordination of a complex hierarchy of linguistic units, transforming a semantic representation into a precise sequence of articulatory movements. To unravel the neural mechanisms underlying this feat,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-06 Julien Gadonneix , Mingfang Zhang , Jérémy Rapin , Linnea Evanson , Pierre Bourdillon , Jean-Rémi King

Recent theories suggest that Neural Scaling Laws arise whenever the task is linearly decomposed into power-law distributed units. Alternatively, scaling laws also emerge when data exhibit a hierarchically compositional structure, as is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-13 Francesco Cagnetta , Hyunmo Kang , Matthieu Wyart

Much of information sits in an unprecedented amount of text data. Managing allocation of these large scale text data is an important problem for many areas. Topic modeling performs well in this problem. The traditional generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-30 Guorui Zhou , Guang Chen

In representation learning, there has been recent interest in developing algorithms to disentangle the ground-truth generative factors behind a dataset, and metrics to quantify how fully this occurs. However, these algorithms and metrics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Andrew Slavin Ross , Finale Doshi-Velez

Deep Language Models (DLMs) provide a novel computational paradigm for understanding the mechanisms of natural language processing in the human brain. Unlike traditional psycholinguistic models, DLMs use layered sequences of continuous…

Models for text generation have become focal for many research tasks and especially for the generation of sentence corpora. However, understanding the properties of an automatically generated text corpus remains challenging. We propose a…