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Near term quantum computers with a high quantity (around 50) and quality (around 0.995 fidelity for two-qubit gates) of qubits will approximately sample from certain probability distributions beyond the capabilities of known classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-23 Sergio Boixo , Sergei V. Isakov , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven

Dynamic circuits use real-time outcomes of mid-circuit measurements, processed by a classical controller, to adapt subsequent operations during circuit execution. This additional flexibility over static circuits comes at a price.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Innocenzo Fulginiti , Yanbin Chen , Christian B. Mendl , Helmut Seidl

One of the core research questions in the theory of quantum computing is to find out to what precise extent the classical simulation of a noisy quantum circuits is possible and where potential quantum advantages can set in. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Janek Denzler , Jose Carrasco , Jens Eisert , Tommaso Guaita

Quantum circuits are considered more powerful than classical circuits and require exponential resources to simulate classically. Clifford circuits are a special class of quantum circuits that can be simulated in polynomial time but still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Yuchen Pang , Edgar Solomonik

While stabilizer tableaus have proven exceptionally useful as a descriptive tool for additive quantum codes, they offer little guidance for concrete constructions or coding algorithm analysis. We introduce a representation of stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-31 Andrey Boris Khesin

Random quantum circuits are commonly viewed as hard to simulate classically. In some regimes this has been formally conjectured, and there had been no evidence against the more general possibility that for circuits with uniformly random…

A common requirement of quantum simulations and algorithms is the preparation of complex states through sequences of 2-qubit gates. For a generic quantum state, the number of gates grows exponentially with the number of qubits, becoming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-08 Matan Ben Dov , David Shnaiderov , Adi Makmal , Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

The Wigner function formalism has played a pivotal role in examining the non-classical aspects of quantum states and their classical simulatability. Nevertheless, its application in qubit systems faces limitations due to negativity induced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Guedong Park , Hyukjoon Kwon , Hyunseok Jeong

We develop classical simulation algorithms for adaptive quantum circuits that produce states with low levels of ``magic'' (i.e., non-stabilizerness). These algorithms are particularly well-suited to circuits with high rates of Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Kemal Aziz , Haining Pan , Michael J. Gullans , J. H. Pixley

In recent times, Variational Quantum Circuits (VQC) have been widely adopted to different tasks in machine learning such as Combinatorial Optimization and Supervised Learning. With the growing interest, it is pertinent to study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Dheeraj Peddireddy , Vipul Bansal , Vaneet Aggarwal

The treewidth of a graph is a useful combinatorial measure of how close the graph is to a tree. We prove that a quantum circuit with $T$ gates whose underlying graph has treewidth $d$ can be simulated deterministically in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-12 Igor L. Markov , Yaoyun Shi

Quantum circuit compilation comprises many computationally hard reasoning tasks that nonetheless lie inside #$\mathbf{P}$ and its decision counterpart in $\mathbf{PP}$. The classical simulation of general quantum circuits is a core example.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Jingyi Mei , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

Efficient simulation of quantum computers relies on understanding and exploiting the properties of quantum states. This is the case for methods such as tensor networks, based on entanglement, and the tableau formalism, which represents…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Sergi Masot-Llima , Artur Garcia-Saez

Classical simulation of quantum circuits plays a crucial role in validating quantum hardware and delineating the boundaries of quantum advantage. Among the most effective simulation techniques are those based on the stabilizer extent, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Giulio Camillo , Filipa C. R. Peres , Markus Heinrich , Juani Bermejo-Vega

Although qubit coherence times and gate fidelities are continuously improving, logical encoding is essential to achieve fault tolerance in quantum computing. In most encoding schemes, correcting or tracking errors throughout the computation…

Classical simulations of quantum circuits play a vital role in the development of quantum computers and for taking the temperature of the field. Here, we classically simulate various physically-motivated circuits using 2D tensor network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-16 Manuel S. Rudolph , Joseph Tindall

We introduce a novel quantum algorithm for determining graph connectedness using a constant number of measurements. The algorithm can be extended to find connected components with a linear number of measurements. It relies on non-unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 Maximilian Balthasar Mansky , Chonfai Kam , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

While stabilizer tableaus have proven useful as a descriptive tool for additive quantum codes, they otherwise offer little guidance for concrete constructions or algorithm analysis. We introduce a representation of stabilizer codes as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Andrey Boris Khesin , Jonathan Z. Lu , Peter W. Shor

The development of a framework for quantifying "non-stabiliserness" of quantum operations is motivated by the magic state model of fault-tolerant quantum computation, and by the need to estimate classical simulation cost for noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-05 James R. Seddon , Earl T. Campbell

We present an algorithm for efficiently simulating a quantum circuit in the graph formalism. In the graph formalism, we represent states as a linear combination of graphs with Clifford operations on their vertices. We show how a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-09 Andrey Boris Khesin , Kevin Ren