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The emergent few-shot reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have excited the natural language and machine learning community over recent years. Despite of numerous successful applications, the underlying mechanism of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Xiaojuan Tang , Zilong Zheng , Jiaqi Li , Fanxu Meng , Song-Chun Zhu , Yitao Liang , Muhan Zhang

Rule-based systems remain central in safety-critical domains but often struggle with scalability, brittleness, and goal misspecification. These limitations can lead to reward hacking and failures in formal verification, as AI systems tend…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zainab Rehan , Christian Medeiros Adriano , Sona Ghahremani , Holger Giese

The field of explainable natural language processing (NLP) has grown rapidly in recent years. The growing opacity of complex models calls for transparency and explanations of their decisions, which is crucial to understand their reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Mahdi Dhaini , Tobias Müller , Roksoliana Rabets , Gjergji Kasneci

With the increase in availability of large pre-trained language models (LMs) in Natural Language Processing (NLP), it becomes critical to assess their fit for a specific target task a priori - as fine-tuning the entire space of available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Elisa Bassignana , Max Müller-Eberstein , Mike Zhang , Barbara Plank

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from critical reasoning gaps, including a tendency to hallucinate and poor accuracy in classifying logical fallacies. This limitation stems from their default System 1 processing, which is fast and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Olivia Peiyu Wang , Tashvi Bansal , Ryan Bai , Emily M. Chui , Leilani H. Gilpin

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive natural language capabilities but suffer from hallucination -- generating content ungrounded in the realities of training data. Recent work has focused on decoding techniques to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Souvik Das , Lifeng Jin , Linfeng Song , Haitao Mi , Baolin Peng , Dong Yu

The logical negation property (LNP), which implies generating different predictions for semantically opposite inputs, is an important property that a trustworthy language model must satisfy. However, much recent evidence shows that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Myeongjun Jang , Frank Mtumbuka , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Explainable natural language inference aims to provide a mechanism to produce explanatory (abductive) inference chains which ground claims to their supporting premises. A recent corpus called EntailmentBank strives to advance this task by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Yingji Zhang , Danilo S. Carvalho , Ian Pratt-Hartmann , Andre Freitas

Rule-based reasoning over natural language input arises in domains where decisions must be auditable and justifiable: clinical protocols specify eligibility criteria in prose, evidence rules define admissibility through textual conditions,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Albert Sadowski , Jarosław A. Chudziak

Large language models (LLMs) have shown substantial capacity for generating fluent, contextually appropriate responses. However, they can produce hallucinated outputs, especially when a user query includes one or more false premises-claims…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Yuehan Qin , Shawn Li , Yi Nian , Xinyan Velocity Yu , Yue Zhao , Xuezhe Ma

In this paper we explore a unifying approach --- that of hypotheses assumption --- as a means to provide a semantics for all Normal Logic Programs (NLPs), the Minimal Hypotheses (MH) semantics. This semantics takes a positive hypotheses…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-08-31 Alexandre Miguel Pinto , Luś Moniz Pereira

A lively ongoing debate is taking place, since the extraordinary emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) with regards to their capability to understand the world and capture the meaning of the dialogues in which they are involved.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Daniel N. Nissani

Interpretability is critical for applications of large language models (LLMs) in the legal domain, where trust and transparency are essential. A central NLP task in this setting is legal outcome prediction, where models forecast whether a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Mahammad Namazov , Tomáš Koref , Ivan Habernal

Large language models (LLMs) are proficient at generating fluent text with minimal task-specific supervision. Yet, their ability to provide well-grounded rationalizations for knowledge-intensive tasks remains under-explored. Such tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Aditi Mishra , Sajjadur Rahman , Hannah Kim , Kushan Mitra , Estevam Hruschka

Table-based reasoning has shown remarkable progress in combining deep models with discrete reasoning, which requires reasoning over both free-form natural language (NL) questions and structured tabular data. However, previous table-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Yunhu Ye , Binyuan Hui , Min Yang , Binhua Li , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Graphs are a powerful tool for representing and analyzing complex relationships in real-world applications such as social networks, recommender systems, and computational finance. Reasoning on graphs is essential for drawing inferences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Bahare Fatemi , Jonathan Halcrow , Bryan Perozzi

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit limited logical coherence, mapping premises to conclusions without adherence to explicit inference rules. We propose Proof-Carrying Reasoning with LLMs (PCRLLM), a framework that constrains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Tangrui Li , Pei Wang , Hongzheng Wang Christian Hahm , Matteo Spatola , Justin Shi

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is at the forefront of modern healthcare, emphasizing the use of the best available scientific evidence to guide clinical decisions. Due to the sheer volume and rapid growth of medical literature and the high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zihan Xu , Haotian Ma , Gongbo Zhang , Yihao Ding , Chunhua Weng , Yifan Peng

Modeling subrational agents, such as humans or economic households, is inherently challenging due to the difficulty in calibrating reinforcement learning models or collecting data that involves human subjects. Existing work highlights the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Andrea Coletta , Kshama Dwarakanath , Penghang Liu , Svitlana Vyetrenko , Tucker Balch

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in natural language tasks, yet understanding their reasoning processes remains a significant challenge. We address this by introducing XplainLLM, a dataset accompanying an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zichen Chen , Jianda Chen , Ambuj Singh , Misha Sra