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Automated essay scoring (AES) is a challenging task in cross-prompt settings due to the diversity of scoring criteria. While previous studies have focused on the output of large language models (LLMs) to improve scoring accuracy, we believe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jinwei Chi , Ke Wang , Yu Chen , Xuanye Lin , Qiang Xu

Assessing student's answers and in particular natural language answers is a crucial challenge in the field of education. Advances in machine learning, including transformer-based models such as Large Language Models(LLMs), have led to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Priti Oli , Rabin Banjade , Jeevan Chapagain , Vasile Rus

This paper provides an experimental evaluation of the capability of large language models (LLMs) to assist in legal decision-making within the framework of Austrian and European Union value-added tax (VAT) law. In tax consulting practice,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Marina Luketina , Andrea Benkel , Christoph G. Schuetz

This paper presents methods for improving automated essay scoring with techniques that address the computational trade-offs of self-attention and document length. To make Automated Essay Scoring (AES) more useful to practitioners,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Mike Hardy

The evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs is increasingly performed by other LLMs, a setup commonly known as "LLM-as-a-judge", or autograders. While autograders offer a scalable alternative to human evaluation, they have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Magda Dubois , Harry Coppock , Mario Giulianelli , Timo Flesch , Lennart Luettgau , Cozmin Ududec

This paper introduces a framework for the automated evaluation of natural language texts. A manually constructed rubric describes how to assess multiple dimensions of interest. To evaluate a text, a large language model (LLM) is prompted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Helia Hashemi , Jason Eisner , Corby Rosset , Benjamin Van Durme , Chris Kedzie

Using large language models (LLMs) for automatic evaluation has become an important evaluation method in NLP research. However, it is unclear whether these LLM-based evaluators can be applied in real-world classrooms to assess student…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Cheng-Han Chiang , Wei-Chih Chen , Chun-Yi Kuan , Chienchou Yang , Hung-yi Lee

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers' essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Amber Nigam

Automated assessment of open-ended student responses is a critical capability for scaling personalized feedback in education. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in grading tasks via in-context learning (ICL), their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Chu , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Kevin Haudek , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

This study investigates the efficacy of large language models (LLMs) as tools for grading master-level student essays. Utilizing a sample of 60 essays in political science, the study compares the accuracy of grades suggested by the GPT-4…

General Economics · Economics 2024-06-25 Magnus Lundgren

Subjective Answer Grading (SAG) plays a crucial role in education, standardized testing, and automated assessment systems, particularly for evaluating short-form responses in Short Answer Scoring (SAS). However, existing approaches often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Peichao Lai , Kexuan Zhang , Yi Lin , Linyihan Zhang , Feiyang Ye , Jinhao Yan , Yanwei Xu , Conghui He , Yilei Wang , Wentao Zhang , Bin Cui

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in educational tasks such as providing writing suggestions to students. Despite their potential, LLMs are known to harbor inherent biases which may negatively impact learners. Previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Thiemo Wambsganss , Xiaotian Su , Vinitra Swamy , Seyed Parsa Neshaei , Roman Rietsche , Tanja Käser

Existing automated essay scoring (AES) has solely relied on essay text without using explanatory rationales for the scores, thereby forgoing an opportunity to capture the specific aspects evaluated by rubric indicators in a fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 SeongYeub Chu , JongWoo Kim , Bryan Wong , MunYong Yi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) due to their ability to capture semantic meaning. Traditional fine-tuning approaches required technical expertise, limiting accessibility for educators with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly large language models (LLMs), has brought significant advancements to the field of education. Among various applications, automatic short answer grading (ASAG), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yucheng Chu , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Jiliang Tang

Research on holistic Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is long-dated; yet, there is a notable lack of attention for assessing essays according to individual traits. In this work, we propose TRATES, a novel trait-specific and rubric-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sohaila Eltanbouly , Salam Albatarni , Tamer Elsayed

Personalized text generation presents a specialized mechanism for delivering content that is specific to a user's personal context. While the research progress in this area has been rapid, evaluation still presents a challenge. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Yaqing Wang , Jiepu Jiang , Mingyang Zhang , Cheng Li , Yi Liang , Qiaozhu Mei , Michael Bendersky

This paper presents a novel Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) algorithm tailored for the Portuguese-language essays of Brazil's Exame Nacional do Ensino M\'edio (ENEM), addressing the challenges in traditional human grading systems. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Felipe Akio Matsuoka

Systematic reviews are crucial for synthesizing scientific evidence but remain labor-intensive, especially when extracting detailed methodological information. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for automating methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenqing Zhang , Trang Nguyen , Elizabeth A. Stuart , Yiqun T. Chen

Student responses in STEM assessments are often handwritten and combine symbolic expressions, calculations, and diagrams, creating substantial variation in format and interpretation. Despite their importance for evaluating students'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Xiuxiu Tang , G. Alex Ambrose , Ying Cheng